Who Khavinson was, and what his record supports

Who He Was

Vladimir Khatskelevich Khavinson was born on November 27, 1946, and graduated from the S.M. Kirov Military Medical Academy in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) in 1971. He served as a military doctor, joined the Academy’s staff in 1977, and in 1988 took charge of its new laboratory of bioregulators, set up by decision of the USSR State Committee for Science and Technology. He retired as a colonel of the medical service (St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 2024; Khavinson, curriculum vitae).

From 1992 until his death he directed the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, which he founded. He was a full member of the Russian Academy of Sciences and president of its Gerontological Society; from 2011 to 2015 he was president of the European Region of the International Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics, and from 2007 to 2019 chief gerontologist of St. Petersburg’s health committee (Ryzhak et al., 2024; St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 2024; Khavinson, curriculum vitae).

He died on January 5, 2024, aged 77 (St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 2024).

What He Developed and Claimed

At the Military Medical Academy, Khavinson and Vyacheslav Morozov extracted mixtures of small peptides, under 10 kilodaltons, from the organs of young animals and called them cytomedins: signals, they proposed, that regulate the cells of the organ they come from, down to the activity of their genes (Morozov & Khavinson, 1985; Ryzhak et al., 2024).

Among the extracts that became Soviet medicines were Thymalin, from calf thymus, approved in 1982, and Epithalamin, from the pineal gland, approved in 1990 (Khavinson & Morozov, 2003); his institute also lists Cortexin (brain cortex), Retinalamin (retina) and Samprost (prostate) among the program’s medicines (St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 2024). From Thymalin the group isolated the two-amino-acid peptide Glu-Trp and made it synthetically as the drug Thymogen; another synthetic dipeptide, Lys-Glu, they named Vilon (Morozov & Khavinson, 1997; Khavinson & Anisimov, 2000). In the Soviet military’s medical journal, the group named Thymalin and Thymogen the most promising drugs for correcting immune deficiency after radiation (Iakovlev et al., 1991).

Next came short synthetic peptides of two to four amino acids, designed from the amino-acid make-up of each extract and named for its organ: Epitalon (Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) from the pineal extract, Cortagen for the brain cortex, Livagen for the liver, and others. Khavinson called them cytogens and reported that each one made explants of its own rat tissue grow in culture (Khavinson, 2001). The group reported finding Epitalon’s sequence inside the pineal extract itself in 2017 (Khavinson et al., 2017).

His central claim was that these short peptides pass into cells and their nuclei, bind specific stretches of DNA and the histone proteins that package it, and so switch genes on or off in the tissue they are named for (Khavinson, 2001; Khavinson et al., 2021). The group’s evidence for this is its own: a model in which Epitalon binds a DNA sequence the authors found repeatedly in the promoter of the telomerase gene (Khavinson, Shataeva & Chernova, 2005), and fluorescent-labelled peptides seen in the nuclei of cultured human cells (Fedoreyeva et al., 2011).

What the Record Shows

In cells

The best-known result: added to human fetal fibroblasts, which had no telomerase, Epitalon switched on the enzyme that rebuilds chromosome tips and lengthened the tips, the telomeres (Khavinson et al., 2003). In a follow-up, fetal lung fibroblasts that stopped dividing at their 34th passage went on to 44 passages with Epitalon (Khavinson et al., 2004). In blood cells (lymphocytes) from 11 men, Epitalon lengthened telomeres in 5 and shortened them in 2 (Khavinson et al., 2019).

In animals

Most of the lifespan studies were run with Vladimir Anisimov’s laboratory at the Petrov Institute of Oncology in St. Petersburg; Anisimov co-wrote 62 PubMed papers with Khavinson.

• The pineal extract — 20 months of daily doses lengthened female rats’ lives by 10% at the lower dose and 25% at the higher (Dilman et al., 1979); Epithalamin raised mean lifespan by 11–31% in female fruit flies, two strains of mice and rats (Anisimov et al., 1998).
• Synthetic Epitalon — lifespan up 11–16% in fruit flies (Khavinson et al., 2000) and mean survival up 5.3% in female CBA mice (Anisimov et al., 2001). In female SHR mice mean lifespan did not change, while the longest-lived 10% lived 13.3% longer and leukemia was 6 times rarer (Anisimov et al., 2003). In female rats kept in standard lighting, lifespan did not change (Vinogradova et al., 2007).
• Synthetic Glu-Trp (Thymogen) — in female rats, mean lifespan was the same as in controls; the longest-lived 10% lived longer (1,048 against 949 days), and tumours were 1.5 times less common (Anisimov et al., 2000).

In three of these five synthetic-peptide studies, average lifespan did not change.

In people

The numbers behind “Khavinson peptides extend life” come from one paper (Khavinson & Morozov, 2003). It reports two studies of the gland extracts, Thymalin and Epithalamin, not of synthetic Epitalon or Vilon, with 266 people in all:

Where	Who	Given	Deaths
St. Petersburg, from 1996	94 women aged 66–94 in a war veterans’ home	Placebo (22), Thymalin (24), Epithalamin (24) or both (24); 10 mg a day by injection for 10 days, in 1996 and again in 1997	Over 6 years: 81.8% placebo, 41.7% Thymalin, 45.8% Epithalamin, 33.3% both
St. Petersburg, separate group	10 women and 10 men aged 72–91	Both extracts, 10 days every year for 6 years	20.0% over 6 years: the source of the “4.1 times” figure
Kyiv, from 1992	152 people (71 men, 81 women), mostly with coronary heart disease	Placebo (48), Thymalin (58) or Epithalamin (46); courses of five 10 mg injections, 2–3 days apart, six courses over 3 years	Over 8 years: 13.6% placebo, 6.6% Thymalin, 8.5% Epithalamin

The paper says both studies split people into groups by “stratification randomization,” with placebo controls, and that the St. Petersburg study was double-blind; it gives nothing more on how people were allocated or how the blinding was kept. The groups were small. The separate group of 20, which included men, was not one of the randomized groups and was compared with the placebo group of women. The St. Petersburg study was run by Khavinson’s institute and the Kyiv study by the Institute of Gerontology there, whose lead author on it, O.V. Korkushko, co-wrote eight PubMed papers with Khavinson; we found no study outside this network that repeated them. The Kyiv institute later reported Epithalamin in coronary patients at 12 and 15 years of follow-up, the 2011 report comparing 39 patients given Epithalamin with 40 on standard care alone (Korkushko et al., 2006; Korkushko et al., 2011).

Synthetic Epitalon itself has been given to people in three published studies, FDA’s reviewers found, all from the same program: injections near the eye in retinitis pigmentosa (Khavinson et al., 2002) and two studies of under-the-tongue Epitalon in night-shift workers. In one, 40 women with low melatonin output took an under-the-tongue spray or a placebo for 20 days, and a melatonin breakdown product in their urine rose 1.7-fold; the report did not say whether it was blinded, and sleep was not measured (Ivko et al., 2020; FDA, 2026).

The other organ-named peptides have been given to people only in a few small studies in Russia and Ukraine, nearly all by the program or its partners: for example, Pancragen in older people with type 2 diabetes in Kyiv (Korkushko et al., 2011) and Vesugen in 41 patients with erectile dysfunction from narrowed arteries (Kitachev et al., 2014). ClinicalTrials.gov lists no trial of Epitalon, Epithalamin, Thymalin or Thymogen (searched October 3, 2026).

Where it was published

PubMed lists 496 records with Khavinson among the authors. 321 are in Russian (11 of them also in English). The journals with the most are the Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine (132, in its Russian or English edition) and Advances in Gerontology (76), whose founder and publisher is his institute (Gerontological Society of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 2026).

Of 154 PubMed records that name Epitalon, 139 have Khavinson or one of his regular co-authors among the authors. Of the 108 that name Vilon or one of the organ-named peptides, 97 involve Khavinson, a regular co-author or his institute. Of the rest, eight are rat or patient studies by other Russian groups; the others are a review, a chemistry paper and one with no authors listed.

How we counted: PubMed, October 3, 2026. Khavinson: Khavinson[au]. Epitalon: epitalon[tiab] OR epithalon[tiab] OR epithalone[tiab] OR epitalone[tiab] OR "Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly"[tiab] OR "alanyl glutamyl aspartyl glycine"[nm]. The other peptides: bronchogen[tiab] OR cardiogen[tiab] OR cartalax[tiab] OR chonluten[tiab] OR cortagen[tiab] OR livagen[tiab] OR ovagen[tiab] OR pancragen[tiab] OR pinealon[tiab] OR testagen[tiab] OR vesugen[tiab] OR vesilute[tiab] OR vezugen[tiab] OR vilon[tiab], 146 records, 38 of them unrelated (the heart-scan product CardioGen-82 and the veterinary hormone Ovagen, among others). Thymalin: thymalin[tiab] OR timalin[tiab] OR tymalin[tiab]. Thymogen: thymogen[tiab]. Co-authors: Anisimov VN[au] AND Khavinson[au] (62), Korkushko OV[au] AND Khavinson[au] (8). A regular co-author wrote at least two PubMed papers with Khavinson.

What Other Groups Found

Outside the network, four labs have published experiments with Epitalon, all in cells or animals:

• Telomeres — at Brunel University London, three weeks of Epitalon lengthened telomeres in normal human fibroblasts and breast epithelial cells by raising telomerase, and in two breast-cancer cell lines by a different route, called ALT. The authors note it was a lab-dish study and call for work in animals (Al-Dulaimi et al., 2025). It is the first study outside the program to test the 2003 telomere result in human cells.
• Eggs and embryos — Epitalon reduced damage in mouse eggs ageing in a dish (Yue et al., 2022) and improved the maturation of cow eggs and the hatching of frozen-thawed embryos (Ullah et al., 2025).
• Cancer — a lymphoma study used Epitalon, with a second drug, as a tool against drug-resistant, senescent cancer cells, in cells and in mice (Zhang et al., 2026).

We found no lifespan study and no human trial of Epitalon by a group outside the network, in PubMed, Europe PMC or ClinicalTrials.gov.

FDA’s reviewers, briefing its compounding advisory committee in 2026, found no clinical study of Epitalon’s safety and concluded there were “no clinical data to support the safety” of Epitalon in people; for the use it was nominated for, insomnia, they found “a lack of evidence to support the effectiveness.” They regard Epitalon and Epithalamin as different substances, and judged the mouse studies too limited (one fixed dose, female mice only, short exposure) to show whether Epitalon could cause cancer, a question they raised because it lengthens telomeres (FDA, 2026).

For the organ-named peptides, the few studies by other Russian groups are mostly in rats. Two from Yekaterinburg gave Vesugen and Pinealon to patients and measured “biological age” markers: the first in 32 people aged 41 to 83, with no control group described in its abstract; the second compared them with other “geroprotective” methods in 110 people (Meshchaninov et al., 2015; Myakotnykh et al., 2016).

Thymalin and Thymogen, as registered medicines, were also used and written up by other Soviet and post-Soviet clinicians: 115 of the 243 PubMed records naming Thymalin, and 47 of the 81 naming Thymogen, have no author from Khavinson’s network. Nearly all are in Russian or Ukrainian, mostly from the 1980s and 1990s.

On the DNA claim, a physics group at St. Petersburg State University found that the tripeptide Glu-Asp-Arg, sold as Pinealon, can partly enter the major groove of DNA in solution; one of its authors had co-written a 2014 paper with Khavinson (Silanteva et al., 2019). We found no study outside the network showing that these peptides regulate genes in the organ they are named for.

What His Record Supports, and What It Doesn’t

It supports:

• A long research program — five decades of work on gland extracts and short synthetic peptides, published mostly in Russian journals, mostly in cells and animals.
• Two medicines in Russia — Thymalin and Thymogen are registered there today, and other Russian clinicians have published on them for decades.
• Longer-lived animals — in fruit flies, mice and rats, reported by his own network; for the synthetic peptides, often without a change in average lifespan.
• A telomere effect in cultured human cells — reported for Epitalon by his group in 2003 and by an unconnected lab in 2025.

It does not support:

• Longer human life — the mortality figures come from two small studies of the gland extracts, not the synthetic peptides sold today, run by the developers and a long-time partner, with no repeat outside that network that we could find.
• Organ repair in people — the other organ-named peptides have no randomized trial in people, and Epitalon’s one placebo-controlled study measured a melatonin by-product over 20 days, not an organ; almost no studies of them exist outside his network.
• How the peptides work — the gene-regulation claim rests on the group’s own lab experiments and computer models.
• Long-term safety — FDA’s reviewers found no clinical study of Epitalon’s safety and no long-term cancer study.

Legal Status in the US

None of these peptides is approved by FDA. Epitalon was one of 12 peptides FDA removed from Category 2 of its 503A list on April 22, 2026, after their nominations were withdrawn. On July 24, 2026, FDA’s Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee voted 7 yes, 4 no and 1 abstention, with 3 not voting, to recommend it for the 503A Bulks List; FDA staff had recommended against. A recommendation is advisory, so Epitalon is not legal to compound today (see the FDA tracker). The others have no FDA ruling and are on no FDA list.

FDA gave Epitalon an orphan-drug designation for retinitis pigmentosa in 2010; it was withdrawn in 2016 (FDA, 2026). A designation is not an approval.

In Russia, Thymalin (by prescription) and Thymogen are registered medicines (Vidal, 2024). Khavinson’s institute describes the synthetic short peptides as food supplements (St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, 2024).

The Khavinson Peptides on Kalios

• Thymalin — calf-thymus extract, used for immune support.
• Thymagen (Glu-Trp) — sold in Russia as the medicine Thymogen, for immunity.
• Vilon (Lys-Glu) — sold for immune support and aging.
• Epithalon (Epitalon, Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly) — the pineal peptide, sold for longevity.
• Bronchogen (Ala-Glu-Asp-Leu) — sold for the lungs and airways.
• Cardiogen (Ala-Glu-Asp-Arg) — sold for the heart.
• Cartalax (Ala-Glu-Asp) — sold for joints and cartilage.
• Chonluten (Glu-Asp-Gly) — sold for the airways, often with Bronchogen.
• Cortagen (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro) — sold for the brain, as a synthetic Cortexin.
• Livagen (Lys-Glu-Asp-Ala) — sold for liver and immune support.
• Ovagen (Glu-Asp-Leu) — sold for liver and gut support, despite its name.
• Pancragen (Lys-Glu-Asp-Trp) — sold for the pancreas.
• Pinealon (Glu-Asp-Arg) — sold for brain recovery and longevity.
• Testagen (Lys-Glu-Asp-Gly) — sold for the testes and falling testosterone.
• Vesugen (Lys-Glu-Asp) — sold for blood vessels.

Not his: N-Acetyl-Epithalon is Epitalon with chemical caps on both ends, sold as a longer-lasting version; we found no paper on it in PubMed or Europe PMC.

References

1. St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Khavinson V.Kh. (founder; notice of his death, January 5, 2024); Medicines; Cytogens. Institute web pages, in Russian. gerontology.ru/vladimir_khavinson, gerontology.ru/medications, gerontology.ru/cytogens. Read October 3, 2026.
2. Khavinson VKh. Curriculum vitae. khavinson.info/curriculum-vitae. Read October 3, 2026.
3. Ryzhak GA, Popovich IG, Mikhailova ON, Kozina LS, Arutjunyan AV. Main scientific achievements of the academician of the RAS Vladimir Kh. Khavinson: peptides and aging. Medical Academic Journal. 2024;24(1):51-58. Russian. doi: 10.17816/MAJ632545. (Memorial article by his institute’s staff.)
4. Morozov VG, Khavinson VKh. [Role of cellular mediators (cytomedins) in regulating genetic activity]. Izv Akad Nauk SSSR Biol. 1985;(4):581-587. Russian. PMID: 4056207.
5. Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG. Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2003;24(3-4):233-240. PMID: 14523363. (Full text read for the groups, doses, allocation and deaths.)
6. Morozov VG, Khavinson VK. Natural and synthetic thymic peptides as therapeutics for immune dysfunction. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1997;19(9-10):501-505. doi: 10.1016/s0192-0561(97)00058-1. PMID: 9637345.
7. Khavinson VKh, Anisimov VN. A synthetic dipeptide vilon (L-Lys-L-Glu) inhibits growth of spontaneous tumors and increases life span of mice. Dokl Biol Sci. 2000;372:261-263. PMID: 10944717.
8. Iakovlev GM, Smirnov VS, Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG. [The correction of secondary radiation-induced immunodeficiencies]. Voen Med Zh. 1991;(1):44-46. Russian. PMID: 2014661.
9. Khavinson VK. Tissue-specific effects of peptides. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2001;132(2):807-808. doi: 10.1023/a:1013058701974. PMID: 11713572.
10. Khavinson VK, Kopylov AT, Vaskovsky BV, Ryzhak GA, Lin'kova NS. Identification of Peptide AEDG in the Polypeptide Complex of the Pineal Gland. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2017;164(1):41-43. doi: 10.1007/s10517-017-3922-8. PMID: 29124531.
11. Khavinson VK, Popovich IG, Linkova NS, Mironova ES, Ilina AR. Peptide Regulation of Gene Expression: A Systematic Review. Molecules. 2021;26(22):7053. doi: 10.3390/molecules26227053. PMID: 34834147.
12. Khavinson V, Shataeva L, Chernova A. DNA double-helix binds regulatory peptides similarly to transcription factors. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2005;26(3):237-241. PMID: 15990728.
13. Fedoreyeva LI, Kireev II, Khavinson VKh, Vanyushin BF. Penetration of short fluorescence-labeled peptides into the nucleus in HeLa cells and in vitro specific interaction of the peptides with deoxyribooligonucleotides and DNA. Biochemistry (Mosc). 2011;76(11):1210-1219. doi: 10.1134/S0006297911110022. PMID: 22117547.
14. Khavinson VKh, Bondarev IE, Butyugov AA. Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2003;135(6):590-592. doi: 10.1023/a:1025493705728. PMID: 12937682.
15. Khavinson VKh, Bondarev IE, Butyugov AA, Smirnova TD. Peptide promotes overcoming of the division limit in human somatic cell. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2004;137(5):503-506. doi: 10.1023/b:bebm.0000038164.49947.8c. PMID: 15455129.
16. Khavinson VK, Pendina AA, Efimova OA, Tikhonov AV, Koltsova AS, Krapivin MI, Petrovskaia-Kaminskaia AV, Petrova LI, Lin'kova NS, Baranov VS. Effect of Peptide AEDG on Telomere Length and Mitotic Index of PHA-Stimulated Human Blood Lymphocytes. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2019;168(1):141-144. doi: 10.1007/s10517-019-04664-0. PMID: 31761987.
17. Dilman VM, Anisimov VN, Ostroumova MN, Khavinson VK, Morozov VG. Increase in lifespan of rats following polypeptide pineal extract treatment. Exp Pathol (Jena). 1979;17(9):539-545. doi: 10.1016/s0014-4908(79)80076-9. PMID: 575333.
18. Anisimov VN, Mylnikov SV, Khavinson VK. Pineal peptide preparation epithalamin increases the lifespan of fruit flies, mice and rats. Mech Ageing Dev. 1998;103(2):123-132. doi: 10.1016/s0047-6374(98)00034-7. PMID: 9701766.
19. Khavinson VK, Izmaylov DM, Obukhova LK, Malinin VV. Effect of epitalon on the lifespan increase in Drosophila melanogaster. Mech Ageing Dev. 2000;120(1-3):141-149. doi: 10.1016/s0047-6374(00)00217-7. PMID: 11087911.
20. Anisimov VN, Khavinson VK, Mikhalski AI, Yashin AI. Effect of synthetic thymic and pineal peptides on biomarkers of ageing, survival and spontaneous tumour incidence in female CBA mice. Mech Ageing Dev. 2001;122(1):41-68. doi: 10.1016/s0047-6374(00)00184-6. PMID: 11163623.
21. Anisimov VN, Khavinson VKh, Popovich IG, Zabezhinski MA, Alimova IN, Rosenfeld SV, Zavarzina NY, Semenchenko AV, Yashin AI. Effect of Epitalon on biomarkers of aging, life span and spontaneous tumor incidence in female Swiss-derived SHR mice. Biogerontology. 2003;4(4):193-202. doi: 10.1023/a:1025114230714. PMID: 14501183.
22. Vinogradova IA, Bukalev AV, Zabezhinski MA, Semenchenko AV, Khavinson VKh, Anisimov VN. Effect of Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly peptide on life span and development of spontaneous tumors in female rats exposed to different illumination regimes. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2007;144(6):825-830. doi: 10.1007/s10517-007-0441-z. PMID: 18856211.
23. Anisimov VN, Khavinson VK, Morozov VG. Immunomodulatory synthetic dipeptide L-Glu-L-Trp slows down aging and inhibits spontaneous carcinogenesis in rats. Biogerontology. 2000;1(1):55-59. doi: 10.1023/a:1010042008969. PMID: 11707921.
24. Korkushko OV, Khavinson VKh, Shatilo VB, Antonyuk-Shcheglova IA. Geroprotective effect of epithalamine (pineal gland peptide preparation) in elderly subjects with accelerated aging. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2006;142(3):356-359. doi: 10.1007/s10517-006-0365-z. PMID: 17426848.
25. Korkushko OV, Khavinson VKh, Shatilo VB, Antonyk-Sheglova IA. Peptide geroprotector from the pituitary gland inhibits rapid aging of elderly people: results of 15-year follow-up. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2011;151(3):366-369. doi: 10.1007/s10517-011-1332-x. PMID: 22451889. (PubMed’s English title says “pituitary”; the drug studied was Epithalamin, the pineal extract.)
26. Khavinson V, Razumovsky M, Trofimova S, Grigorian R, Razumovskaya A. Pineal-regulating tetrapeptide epitalon improves eye retina condition in retinitis pigmentosa. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002;23(4):365-368. PMID: 12195242.
27. Ivko OM, Linkova NS, Ilina AR, Sharova AA, Ryzhak GA. [AEDG peptide regulates human circadian rhythms genes expression during pineal gland accelerated aging.]. Adv Gerontol. 2020;33(3):429-435. Russian. PMID: 33280326. (Published in English in Advances in Gerontology in 2021, the version FDA reviewed.)
28. FDA. Evaluation of Epitalon-Related Bulk Drug Substances (Epitalon (Free Base) and Epitalon Acetate) for Inclusion on the 503A Bulk Drug Substances List. FDA Briefing Document, Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee meeting of July 23–24, 2026 (memorandum dated May 12, 2026). fda.gov/media/193345/download. Read October 3, 2026.
29. Korkushko OV, Khavinson VKh, Shatilo VB, Antonyk-Sheglova IA, Bondarenko EV. Prospects of using pancragen for correction of metabolic disorders in elderly people. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2011;151(4):454-456. doi: 10.1007/s10517-011-1354-4. PMID: 22448364.
30. Kitachev KV, Sazonov AB, Kozlov KL, Petrov KIu, Sliusarev AS, Khavinson VKh. [The efficacy of peptide bioregulators of vessels in lower limbs chronic arterial insufficiency treatment in old and elderly people]. Adv Gerontol. 2014;27(1):156-159. Russian. PMID: 25051774.
31. Gerontological Society of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The journal Uspekhi gerontologii (Advances in Gerontology): founder and publisher, editorial board. Society web page, in Russian. gersociety.ru/journal. Read October 3, 2026.
32. Al-Dulaimi S, Thomas R, Matta S, Roberts T. Epitalon increases telomere length in human cell lines through telomerase upregulation or ALT activity. Biogerontology. 2025;26(5):178. doi: 10.1007/s10522-025-10315-x. PMID: 40908429. (Its Figures 1–3 were replaced in a correction: Biogerontology. 2025;27(1):1. PMID: 41240216.)
33. Yue X, Liu SL, Guo JN, Meng TG, Zhang XR, Li HX, Song CY, Wang ZB, Schatten H, Sun QY, Guo XP. Epitalon protects against post-ovulatory aging-related damage of mouse oocytes in vitro. Aging (Albany NY). 2022;14(7):3191-3202. doi: 10.18632/aging.204007. PMID: 35413689.
34. Ullah S, Haider Z, Perera CD, Lee SH, Idrees M, Park S, Kong IK. Epitalon-activated telomerase enhance bovine oocyte maturation rate and post-thawed embryo development. Life Sci. 2025;362:123381. doi: 10.1016/j.lfs.2025.123381. PMID: 39788414.
35. Zhang Y, Qian S, Yang Q, Shi Z, Dong M, Wang Z, Yang Z, Wu S, Li Z, Zhang M, Zhang X, Chen Q. LCP2 mediates SUV39H1-driven cellular senescence-related chemoresistance in natural killer/T-cell lymphoma. Cell Death Dis. 2026;17(1):662. doi: 10.1038/s41419-026-08897-6. PMID: 42209466.
36. Meshchaninov VN, Tkachenko EL, Zharkov SV, Gavrilov IV, Katyreva IuE. [EFFECT OF SYNTHETIC PEPTIDES ON AGING OF PATIENTS WITH CHRONIC POLYMORBIDITY AND ORGANIC BRAIN SYNDROME OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM IN REMISSION]. Adv Gerontol. 2015;28(1):62-67. Russian. PMID: 26390612.
37. Myakotnykh VS, Torgashov MN, Egorin KV, Meshchaninov VN, Gavrilov VI, Borovkova TA, Zvezdina EM, Verzhbitskaya TY, Tkachenko EL. [Comparative analysis of different methods of geroprotective]. Adv Gerontol. 2016;29(4):594-601. Russian. PMID: 28539017.
38. Silanteva IA, Komolkin AV, Morozova EA, Vorontsov-Velyaminov PN, Kasyanenko NA. Role of Mono- and Divalent Ions in Peptide Glu-Asp-Arg-DNA Interaction. J Phys Chem B. 2019;123(9):1896-1902. doi: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b10359. PMID: 30762356.
39. Vidal (Russian drug reference). Thymalin®, lyophilizate for injection: registration LP-№(005867)-(RG-RU) of June 21, 2024, prescription only. Thymogen® nasal spray: registration LP-№(000640)-(RG-RU) of March 24, 2022. vidal.ru. Read October 3, 2026.