Crystagen

Dosing from the Literature

Published for immunity: no dose tested against a placebo; the developers’ patent injected 1 µg to 5 mg a day for 10 days into older adults (Khavinson et al., 2007), and the institute lists 1–2 capsules once or twice a day for 20–30 days (IBG, 2026). Not published: a controlled trial of the capsules that reports immune results, or how much peptide one capsule holds.

No placebo-controlled trial has given Crystagen to anyone, and the one randomized study gave it with Pinealon (Viner et al., 2012; ClinicalTrials.gov, PubMed and CyberLeninka, searched October 4, 2026). The rows record what its developers’ patent, the Russian supplement directions and two small Russian reports state, by source. They are stated regimens, not recommendations.

What It Is

Crystagen (Кристаген in Russian) is the tripeptide glutamyl-aspartyl-proline, H-Glu-Asp-Pro-OH, written EDP: formula C14H21N3O8, 359.33 g/mol as the free peptide (PubChem). Its developers’ patent describes it as an acetate salt, a white amorphous powder 97.19% pure by HPLC (Khavinson et al., 2007). A 2020 review by Vladimir Khavinson calls it “the tripeptide Glu-Asp-Pro, named Crystagen” (Khavinson, 2020), and a 2022 table by his group lists “Crystagen (EDP)” as an immunoprotector, citing the patent (Khavinson et al., 2022). The group’s earlier papers use the code T-36 for Glu-Asp-Pro (Voicekhovskaya et al., 2012).

It comes from the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology, which Khavinson founded and directed until his death in January 2024 (IBG, 2026), and which designs short peptides from the amino-acid make-up of animal-organ extracts (Khavinson, Zhurkovich et al., 2021). Thymalin, a calf-thymus extract made of peptides of up to 10 kDa and registered in Russia as a medicine, was developed under Khavinson at the Military Medical Academy in the 1980s and 1990s (Khavinson, 2020; Khavinson, Zhurkovich et al., 2021). A 2021 paper by the institute and a toxicology institute says EDP and the dipeptide KE were designed and synthesized from Thymalin’s amino-acid composition, and reports finding EDP in Thymalin by liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry at 0.04 mg per gram, a minor component (Khavinson, Zhurkovich et al., 2021). Khavinson’s 2020 review gives the same finding but cites only the patent, which describes making and testing the peptide, not finding it in the extract (Khavinson, 2020). The patent was filed in Russia on May 30, 2006 by SIA Peptides, with Khavinson, Evgeny Grigoriev, Vladimir Malinin and Galina Ryzhak as inventors; a US version was granted in 2011 (Khavinson et al., 2007).

In Russia it is sold as a dietary supplement, not a medicine. The institute lists Crystagen among its Cytogen capsules under state registration certificate 77.99.23.3.У.9171.8.06, as “a peptide complex containing amino acids that help normalize the function of the immune system,” and says clinical study established its effectiveness, alongside other treatment, in people with weakened immunity after infections, radiation and chemotherapy, stress and other adverse exposures, and for supporting immunity in older people; it names no study (IBG, 2026). A 2016 report gives three other registration certificates, dated 2014, for the five capsule products it used, Crystagen among them, without saying which belongs to which (Trofimova et al., 2016). The RLS drug encyclopedia’s registration data list capsules of 0.2 g, tablets of 0.16 and 0.3 g and a sublingual liquid, the capsules and tablets as an “additional source of peptides (proline, glutamic acid, aspartic acid)” (RLS, 2022). Neither the institute nor RLS states how much peptide a capsule holds. Outside Russia, research-chemical sellers list vials of powder labelled for research use only (see Legal Status).

PubMed returns one record for “crystagen” (October 4, 2026), a 2014 paper on spleen cells (Chervyakova et al., 2014). A search for “Glu-Asp-Pro” returns 27 records: one tests this peptide, under its code T-36 (Voicekhovskaya et al., 2012), and most of the rest concern other molecules that contain the same run of amino acids, such as Cortagen (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro), or foods and microbes. The rest of its record is in Russian journals, conference abstracts and patents; CyberLeninka, a Russian scientific library, returns nine articles for “Кристаген” (searched October 4, 2026).

Who Khavinson was, and what his record supports →

Mechanism of Action

Everything below comes from cells and tissue in culture, rats, mice or computer models, and all of it but one cell study comes from Khavinson’s institute or its collaborators, much of it from the developers’ patent. The group proposes that short peptides pass into the cell nucleus and bind DNA (Khavinson et al., 2016); none of the mechanisms below has been confirmed in people.

• Thymus and spleen tissue growth (old rats) — In fragments of thymus (35) and spleen (45) from 24-month-old rats grown in culture, the peptide raised the area index of thymus explants (the whole explant, growth zone included, against the fragment’s starting area) 24% above controls at 0.5 ng/mL by day 3, and that of spleen explants 28% at 10 ng/mL; both effects were still visible at day 7, the spleen’s less clearly (Khavinson et al., 2007).
• Lymphocyte-activating factors from macrophages (mice) — In peritoneal macrophages from 19–20-month-old mice, 0.5–500 ng/mL induced the release of lymphocyte-activating factors without other stimulation, and raised it after bacterial lipopolysaccharide; in cells from 2-month-old mice the same trend appeared over part of that range only (Khavinson et al., 2007). The patent says these factors include IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α, but it measured them together, by their effect on the growth of thymus cells, not as single cytokines (Khavinson et al., 2007).
• Thymic epithelial cells (a human cell line) — In VTEC2.H/S cells, human embryonic thymic epithelial cells made immortal with the SV40 virus, 2, 20 and 200 ng/mL raised thymidine uptake at the seventh passage, to 705, 680 and 795 counts against 523 in controls, and made no significant difference at the first or fourth passage (Khavinson et al., 2007).
• B cells, p53 and CD68 in spleen cultures (old rats) — The group reports that Crystagen activated B cells in spleen tissue but “had no effect on the processes of cellular renewal in the spleen during aging” (Chervyakova et al., 2014). In spleen cultures from 20–24-month-old Wistar rats, 0.05 ng/mL raised the area stained for the apoptosis marker p53 1.8-fold, where Vilon and Thymogen lowered it (Chervyakova et al., 2013), and left the macrophage marker CD68 unchanged (Dudkov et al., 2013).
• Interleukin-18 in human blood cells — In blood mononuclear cells from 15 relatively healthy volunteers, cultured for 24 hours with 0.4 µg/mL of the Crystagen preparation, which the paper calls “a complex of synthetic thymus peptides” without giving its sequence, IL-18 inside the cells rose by 92% (p = 0.004); IL-18 released into the medium did not change significantly, and neither did TNF-α, IL-4 or the IL-1 receptor antagonist (Maksimenya et al., 2016). This is the only study from outside Khavinson’s institute, at a medical academy in Chita, and it used peptides made in Khavinson’s laboratory (Maksimenya et al., 2016).
• Lymphocytes and leukemia cells (as T-36) — At 0.1 ng/mL, T-36 raised the spontaneous growth of normal lymphocytes in a dish; the tripeptides had no effect on lymphocyte survival, adhesion, killing activity or stimulated growth (Khavinson, Nikolsky et al., 2011). The abstract says T-36 and T-38 slowed the growth of embryonic mesenchymal stem cells, a transplantable rat fibroblast line and human K-562 leukemia cells, and also that T-36 did not change K-562 growth (Khavinson, Nikolsky et al., 2011).
• Chromatin in old people’s lymphocytes (in culture) — In lymphocyte cultures from 95 healthy people aged 75–88, 0.01 µg/mL raised sister-chromatid exchanges from 5.9 to 8.4 per cell and associations between the chromosomes that carry ribosomal genes from 1.17 to 2.32 per cell; the developers read this as unpacking of chromatin that had condensed with age (Khavinson et al., 2007).
• DNA and transporters (computer models only) — In the group’s docking calculations, EDP, like Vilon’s KE, fitted the DNA sequence agat (Khavinson et al., 2016), and EDP was among the peptides predicted to bind the amino-acid transporter LAT1 more strongly than its known inhibitors (Khavinson et al., 2023); the 2022 table gives Crystagen a LAT1 docking score of −20.22 (Khavinson et al., 2022). Docking predicts a fit; it does not measure binding or uptake.

What the Research Shows

The results below come from animals, animal tissue in culture and toxicity tests. The human reports are in the next section.

• Thymus after radiation (rats, patent) — The patent split 40 two-month-old male Wistar rats into unirradiated, irradiated and irradiated-plus-peptide groups; to mimic premature aging, it states, the irradiated rats got 6 Gy of gamma rays a day for 5 days (Khavinson et al., 2007). In rats given 0.5 µg under the skin once a day for 10 days, the thymus was less shrunken on microscopy than in irradiated rats without the peptide (Khavinson et al., 2007). The proliferation index reached 55% in treated rats, against 26% in unirradiated ones, and mast cells numbered 32 per mm² against 27 in untreated irradiated rats and 16 in unirradiated ones (Khavinson et al., 2007). The patent gives no proliferation figure for irradiated rats without the peptide, but calls their index high, a sign, it says, that the thymus had begun to recover (Khavinson et al., 2007).
• Spleen tissue in culture (rats) — At 1 ng/mL over three days, the area index of spleen explants (the whole explant, growth zone included, against its central zone) was 29% above controls in tissue from 2–3-month-old rats and 23% above in tissue from 18-month-old rats (Chalisova et al., 2023), in line with the patent’s 28% in 24-month-old rats (Khavinson et al., 2007). The same group’s 2014 paper found no effect on cell renewal in the aging spleen (Chervyakova et al., 2014).
• Skin tissue in culture (rats) — As T-36 it stimulated cell growth in skin explants from young rats; for explants from old rats the abstract reports a marked effect for a different tripeptide, T-38 (Lys-Glu-Asp), and gives no result for T-36 (Voicekhovskaya et al., 2012).
• Toxicity tests (mice, rats, guinea pigs, patent) — Single injections into muscle of 1–5 mg/kg in 60 mice, and daily injections of 1 µg/kg, 0.1 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg for 90 days in 50 rats and for 6 months in 80 guinea pigs, produced no toxic reactions and no significant changes in blood counts or blood chemistry, the patent reports (Khavinson et al., 2007).

Human Data

No placebo-controlled trial of Crystagen has been published, and ClinicalTrials.gov lists no study of it (searched October 4, 2026). Three reports describe people given it: an unblinded comparison in its developers’ patent, never peer reviewed, and two small Russian journal reports: one gave it with Pinealon, the other within a program of capsules picked for each worker by gene test, and neither gives a result for Crystagen alone (Khavinson et al., 2007; Viner et al., 2012; Trofimova et al., 2016).

• Developers’ patent: 38 older adults, injections for 10 days (Khavinson et al., 2007) — Adults aged 62–83 with long exposure to low doses of ionizing radiation and abnormal immune tests got the peptide into a muscle once a day for 10 days on top of conventional treatment, at 5 mg, 10 µg or 1 µg depending on the severity of their immune changes (the US version of the patent prints 10 µg for the last group); 32 others had conventional treatment alone. The patent reports immune tests returning to normal in 82% of the peptide group against 56% of controls, and no side effects; its table gives CD3 T cells of 55.7% after treatment that included the peptide, against 49.3% after conventional treatment and 43.5% before treatment. It does not describe randomization, a placebo or blinding, and it was not peer reviewed.
• Elite gymnasts, with Pinealon (Viner et al., 2012) — Twenty elite rhythmic gymnasts were split by stratified randomization: 12 took Crystagen and Pinealon capsules, one capsule twice a day with meals for 20 days of each product, and 8 took no capsules, with no placebo. Heart rate during routines did not change; in the recovery period after training it fell from 83.8 to 74.2 beats a minute in morning sessions and from 87.4 to 77.6 in evening ones in the capsule group, and did not change in controls. The paper says the gymnasts had clinical, biochemical and immune tests but reports no results from them. Besides heart rate, it says only that most capsule-takers reported better well-being, sleep and mood, with no numbers and no comparison with controls; the two products were not tested apart.
• Gas-production workers in the Far North (Trofimova et al., 2016) — In 2015, 113 workers aged 35–67 had a “genetic passport” gene test and then one capsule a day for 20 days of products picked from it: Crystagen for those whose tests suggested a weaker immune response, Cartalax, Endoluten, Vesugen or Cerluten for others. The report gives 10 sick-leave certificates and 60 days off work in 2015, against 18 and 119 in 2014. The authors say the fall was in general illness; for seasonal illness they found no reliable change, which they put down to a flu epidemic during the study. There was no control group, and it gives neither results by product nor the number who took Crystagen.
• What the group’s reviews add — A 2021 review repeats the patent’s 82% and 56% figures but describes the Crystagen as taken by mouth, while the patent it cites describes injections into a muscle (Khavinson, Linkova et al., 2021; Khavinson et al., 2007). The same review says Crystagen with other short peptides doubled the expression of a heat-shock-protein gene and cut respiratory infections in athletes, citing the group’s own methodological recommendations rather than a published study (Khavinson, Linkova et al., 2021).

The evidence meter on the Crystagen card reads “Animal only”: it counts published human data on Crystagen itself, for immunity. The patent’s comparison was not peer reviewed, the gymnast study gave it with Pinealon and reported no immune results, and the workplace report does not separate it from other capsules (Khavinson et al., 2007; Viner et al., 2012; Trofimova et al., 2016).

Reconstitution & Storage

The forms sold in Russia need no reconstitution: capsules and tablets are taken by mouth and the liquid is held under the tongue (RLS, 2022). The patent’s injections dissolved each dose in 1 mL of sterile 0.9% saline (Khavinson et al., 2007). Outside Russia, research-chemical sellers list vials of freeze-dried powder; no label, trial record or patent gives directions for reconstituting them.

• Storage (registration data, RLS) — Capsules and tablets: dry, protected from light, 2–25 °C, shelf life 5 years; the sublingual liquid: 2–25 °C, out of direct sunlight, 3 years (RLS, 2022). No storage or stability data have been published for the powder vials.
• The powder — The patent describes its synthesized peptide as a white, odorless amorphous powder, the acetate salt, 97.19% pure by HPLC (Khavinson et al., 2007). Seller listings describe 5, 10 or 20 mg of freeze-dried powder per vial, labelled for research use only (seller listings read October 4, 2026).
• Identity — Glu-Asp-Pro’s molecular weight is 359.33 g/mol and its exact (monoisotopic) mass 359.13 Da (PubChem). Cortagen, Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro, a different Khavinson peptide one amino acid longer, weighs 430.4 g/mol (PubChem).

→ Peptide Calculator — vial-to-syringe math

Side Effects & Risks

• In people — The patent reports no side effects, complications or dependence in its 38 injected patients (Khavinson et al., 2007). Neither the gymnast report nor the workplace report mentions side effects or says how they were looked for (Viner et al., 2012; Trofimova et al., 2016). The institute’s directions say no side effects were found with its Cytogen capsules, without naming a study (IBG, 2026).
• Animal toxicity (patent) — Single injections of up to 5 mg/kg in mice and daily injections of up to 1 mg/kg for 90 days in rats and 6 months in guinea pigs caused no toxic reactions, the patent reports; these tests were not published in a journal (Khavinson et al., 2007).
• Listed contraindications — The institute’s directions and the RLS registration data for the sublingual liquid list intolerance of the ingredients, pregnancy and breastfeeding (IBG, 2026; RLS, 2022). No study in pregnancy turned up (PubMed and Europe PMC, searched October 4, 2026).
• Effects on cell growth — In the developers’ tests it raised the growth of a human thymic cell line and of normal lymphocytes in a dish (Khavinson et al., 2007; Khavinson, Nikolsky et al., 2011), and in one test raised the apoptosis marker p53 in old rats’ spleen cells (Chervyakova et al., 2013). Whether any of this happens in a person, for better or worse, has not been studied.
• What has not been tested — No study has measured Crystagen in the blood after a capsule or an injection, how long it lasts, or how it interacts with medicines (PubMed and Europe PMC, searched October 4, 2026).
• Products sold abroad — Research-chemical vials are labelled for laboratory research only and not for human use, and no independent analysis of one has been published (searched October 4, 2026).
• WADA — Crystagen is not named on the 2026 Prohibited List. Section S0 prohibits at all times substances not addressed elsewhere on the List “with no current approval by any governmental regulatory health authority for human therapeutic use (e.g. drugs under pre-clinical or clinical development or discontinued…)” (World Anti-Doping Agency, 2026). Crystagen is registered in Russia only as a dietary supplement, and no approval of it as a medicine turned up for this page.

Bloodwork & Monitoring

No monitoring guidance for Crystagen has been published outside its developers’ reports. These measured the following:

• Immune cell counts and antibodies — CD3, CD4, CD8 and CD20 lymphocytes, the CD4/CD8 ratio, immunoglobulins M, G and A, and a test of T-cell function, alongside routine blood and urine tests (Khavinson et al., 2007).
• Heart rate — During and after training sessions, by heart-rate monitor; the study says it also ran clinical, biochemical and immune tests, and reports no results from them (Viner et al., 2012).
• Sick leave — Sick-leave certificates and days off work, against the year before (Trofimova et al., 2016).
• Which tests fit a given person — A question for a licensed healthcare provider. This page can’t answer it.

Commonly Stacked With

Only its developers and their collaborators have reported giving Crystagen with another product: with Pinealon in one sports study (Viner et al., 2012). A workplace program gave workers capsules picked by gene test, Crystagen among them, and does not say whether anyone took it with another (Trofimova et al., 2016). The institute’s directions also list it in combined schemes with its other capsules (IBG, 2026). No study has compared a combination with Crystagen alone (PubMed, Europe PMC and CyberLeninka, searched October 4, 2026).

→ Peptide Calculator — vial-to-syringe math

Legal Status

Related Compounds

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Next Steps

References

1. Khavinson V, Linkova N, Kozhevnikova E, Dyatlova A, Petukhov M. Transport of Biologically Active Ultrashort Peptides Using POT and LAT Carriers. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(14):7733. PMID: 35887081. DOI: 10.3390/ijms23147733. (Table 2: “Crystagen (EDP) … Immunoprotector,” LAT1 docking score −20.22, citing US patent 8,057,810.)
2. Khavinson VKh. Peptide medicines: past, present, future. Klin Med (Mosk). 2020;98(3):165-177. DOI: 10.30629/0023-2149-2020-98-3-165-177. (In Russian: “трипептид Glu-Asp-Pro, получивший название Кристаген,” the tripeptide Glu-Asp-Pro, named Crystagen.)
3. Khavinson VKh, Grigoriev EI, Malinin VV, Ryzhak GA, inventors. Peptide possessing immunogeroprotective effect, pharmaceutical composition based on it and method of its use. Russian patent RU 2301074 C1; filed May 30, 2006; published June 20, 2007; patent holder SIA Peptides. English version: US patent 8,057,810 B2, Peptide substance revealing an immunogeroprotective effect, pharmaceutical composition on its base and the method of its application, granted November 15, 2011 (also WO 2007/139435 and EP 2032595). patents.google.com/patent/RU2301074C1/ru and patents.google.com/patent/US8057810B2/en. Read October 4, 2026. (In Russian, with the US version in English.)
4. Khavinson VKh, Zhurkovich IK, Ryzhak GA, Mironova ES, Kovrov NG. Identification of short peptides: optimization of target therapeutic properties of the thymus medicine. Molekulyarnaya Meditsina. 2021;19(3):32-37. DOI: 10.29296/24999490-2021-03-05. (In Russian.)
5. Khavinson V, Linkova N, Chalisova N, Ivko O. The Use of Thymalin for Immunocorrection and Molecular Aspects of Biological Activity. Biol Bull Rev. 2021;11(4):377-382. DOI: 10.1134/S2079086421040046. PMCID: PMC8365293.
6. Voicekhovskaya MA, Chalisova NI, Kontsevaya EA, Ryzhak GA. Effect of bioregulatory tripeptides on the culture of skin cells from young and old rats. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2012;152(3):357-359. PMID: 22803085. DOI: 10.1007/s10517-012-1527-9.
7. National Library of Medicine. PubChem: H-Glu-Asp-Pro-OH (L-glutamyl-L-aspartyl-L-proline), CID 23624313 (C14H21N3O8, 359.33 g/mol; exact mass 359.13); Cortagen (Ala-Glu-Asp-Pro), CID 18439621 (C17H26N4O9, 430.4 g/mol). pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. Read October 4, 2026.
8. St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology (IBG). Cytogens: Crystagen, state registration certificate 77.99.23.3.У.9171.8.06; How to take: directions, contraindications and schemes of combined use for its Cytogen capsules; and Khavinson V.Kh. (founder; notice of his death, January 5, 2024). gerontology.ru/cytogens, old.gerontology.ru/pills/intake/ and gerontology.ru/vladimir_khavinson. Read October 4, 2026. (In Russian.)
9. RLS Encyclopedia of Drugs (rlsnet.ru, the online reference publication “Register of Medicinal Products of Russia”). Crystagen (capsules 0.2 g; tablets 0.16 g and 0.3 g) and Crystagen lingual (liquid): dietary supplement registration data, updated August 8, 2022. rlsnet.ru/baa/kristagen-30389 and rlsnet.ru/baa/kristagen-lingval-66637. Read October 4, 2026. (In Russian.)
10. Chervyakova NA, Lin’kova NS, Chalisova NI, Kontsevaya EA, Trofimova SV, Khavinson VKh. Age-related molecular aspects of immunomodulating activity of peptides in the spleen. Adv Gerontol. 2014;4(1):12-15. DOI: 10.1134/S2079057014010020. Russian original: [Molecular aspects of immunoprotective activity of peptides in spleen during the ageing process]. Uspekhi Gerontologii. 2013;26(2):224–228 (PubMed indexes it as Adv Gerontol 2014;27(1):224-228). PMID: 28976144.
11. Chervyakova NA, Pronyaeva VE, Kostylev AV, Trofimova SV. [Immunomodulating peptides lower the level of apoptosis in spleen cells during its aging]. Zdorov’e – osnova chelovecheskogo potentsiala: problemy i puti ikh resheniya. 2013;8(2):701-702. (In Russian; conference abstract.) cyberleninka.ru/article/n/immunomoduliruyuschie-peptidy-snizhayut-uroven-apoptoza-v-kletkah-selezenki-pri-ee-starenii. Read October 4, 2026.
12. Dudkov AV, Pronyaeva VE, Chervyakova NA, Trofimova SV. [Peptidergic regulation of the number of a macrophage subpopulation in the aging immune system]. Zdorov’e – osnova chelovecheskogo potentsiala: problemy i puti ikh resheniya. 2013;8(2):670. (In Russian; conference abstract.) cyberleninka.ru/article/n/peptidergicheskaya-regulyatsiya-chislennosti-subpopulyatsii-makrofagov-pri-starenii-immunnoy-sistemy. Read October 4, 2026.
13. Chalisova NI, Ivanova PN, Egozova ES, Nikitina EA. The stimulating effect of short peptides on cellular proliferation in organotypic tissue culture. Integrative Physiology. 2023;4(2):225-234. DOI: 10.33910/2687-1270-2023-4-2-225-234. (In Russian.)
14. Chalisova NI, Nikitina EA, Ryzhak GA, Ivanova PN, Egozova ES. Proliferative effect of peptides on rat immune system organs. Integrative Physiology. 2025;6(2):181-189. DOI: 10.33910/2687-1270-2025-6-2-181-189. (In Russian.)
15. Maksimenya MV, Fefelova EV, Bykova AS. [Effect of natural and synthetic peptides on cytokine production by peripheral blood cells]. Aktual’nye problemy gumanitarnykh i estestvennykh nauk. 2016;(12-3):97-100. (In Russian.) cyberleninka.ru/article/n/vliyanie-prirodnyh-i-sinteticheskih-peptidov-na-produktsiyu-tsitokinov-kletkami-perifericheskoy-krovi. Read October 4, 2026.
16. Khavinson VKh, Nikolsky IS, Nikolskaya VV, Zubov DA, et al. Effect of tripeptides on lymphoid and stem cells. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2011;151(6):722-725. PMID: 22485217. DOI: 10.1007/s10517-011-1425-6.
17. Khavinson VK, Lin’kova NS, Tarnovskaya SI. Short Peptides Regulate Gene Expression. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2016;162(2):288-292. PMID: 27909961. DOI: 10.1007/s10517-016-3596-7.
18. Khavinson VK, Linkova NS, Rudskoy AI, Petukhov MG. Feasibility of Transport of 26 Biologically Active Ultrashort Peptides via LAT and PEPT Family Transporters. Biomolecules. 2023;13(3):552. PMID: 36979488. DOI: 10.3390/biom13030552.
19. Viner IA, Terekhina RN, Trofimova SV, Trofimov AV. Assessment and bioregulating correction of reserves of adaptation of gymnasts to physically loadings. Uchenye zapiski universiteta imeni P.F. Lesgafta. 2012;7(89):29-33. DOI: 10.5930/issn.1994-4683.2012.07.89.p29-33. (In Russian.)
20. Trofimova S, Trofimov A, Koryakin A, Chubukin A, Ternovoy V. [Personified prevention of diseases under the conditions of the Far North]. Vrach. 2016;(6):64-66. (In Russian.) cyberleninka.ru/article/n/personifitsirovannaya-profilaktika-zabolevaemosti-v-usloviyah-kraynego-severa. Read October 4, 2026.
21. FDA. Drugs@FDA through openFDA (api.fda.gov/drug/drugsfda.json): searches for crystagen, kristagen and glu-asp-pro, October 4, 2026 (no records). European Medicines Agency. Medicines data table (ema.europa.eu, medicines-output-medicines_json-report; 2,746 entries), searched for crystagen and kristagen, October 4, 2026 (no entry).
22. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 216.23, Bulk drug substances that can be used to compound drug products in accordance with section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act; and 21 CFR 216.24. ecfr.gov. Read October 4, 2026.
23. FDA. Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (categories 1–3). Updated May 14, 2026. fda.gov/media/94155/download.
24. FDA. Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503B of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (categories 1–3). Updated March 21, 2025. fda.gov/media/94164/download.
25. World Anti-Doping Agency. Prohibited List 2026 (in effect January 1, 2026). S0, Non-approved substances. wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/2025-09/2026list_en_final_clean_september_2025.pdf. Read October 4, 2026.
26. ClinicalTrials.gov. Searches for “crystagen,” “kristagen” and “cristagen”: no records. clinicaltrials.gov, API v2. Read October 4, 2026.
27. Searches of October 4, 2026: PubMed, “crystagen” (1 record) and “Glu-Asp-Pro” (27 records; one tests this peptide, as T-36); Europe PMC, “crystagen” (3 records) and “H-Glu-Asp-Pro-OH” (2 patent records); CyberLeninka (Russian scientific library), “Кристаген” (9 articles); ClinicalTrials.gov, openFDA and the EMA list (above); a web search of fda.gov for “crystagen” (no warning letter or import alert); research-chemical seller listings of Crystagen vials, 5, 10 and 20 mg of freeze-dried powder labelled for research use only (sellers not named).

Related Research

• ThymalinCalf-thymus polypeptide extract, a Russian medicine
• ThymagenGlu-Trp dipeptide isolated from Thymalin
• VilonLys-Glu dipeptide, Khavinson immune bioregulator
• OvagenGlu-Asp-Leu tripeptide, liver and gut supplement
• PinealonGlu-Asp-Arg tripeptide, given with Crystagen in one sports study
• VesugenLys-Glu-Asp tripeptide, in the institute’s schemes with Crystagen