Vilon

Dosing from the Literature

Published for immunity: injected doses recommended in a 2008 Russian dissertation (below). Not published: a randomized trial for immunity, or a figure for a form taken by mouth.

No figure has been published for a form taken by mouth: every dose on this page was injected. The capsule form is undocumented: no source shows Vilon sold as capsules, and no maker of them could be found (searched October 12, 2026).

What It Is

Vilon is one of the simplest Khavinson short-peptide bioregulators — a dipeptide (a chain of 2 amino acids) consisting of just two amino acids, lysine and glutamic acid (Lys-Glu, KE). It was developed by Professor Vladimir Khavinson and colleagues at the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology in the 1990s as a synthetic mimetic of the putative active principle of Thymalin, the calf-thymus polypeptide-complex extract that forms the basis of the Khavinson thymic bioregulator line. The earliest PubMed record that names Vilon, from the same institute in 1997, describes it simply as a new synthetic immunomodulatory dipeptide, made alongside Thymogen (Glu-Trp), the dipeptide isolated from Thymalin (Morozov & Khavinson, Int J Immunopharmacol 1997; PMID 9637345); the group’s 2023 work calls both KE and Glu-Trp active substances of Thymalin (Linkova et al., Int J Mol Sci 2023; PMID 37686182).

Within the Khavinson framework, Vilon represents a reductionist test case: the claim is that a dipeptide — two amino acids — carries enough "tissue memory" to modulate gene expression in thymic and peripheral immune cells and reproduce (in outline) the biological effects of the larger Thymalin extract. This is the most aggressive version of the Khavinson short-peptide thesis: activity reduced to the minimum possible peptide structure.

Despite its extreme simplicity, Vilon has published biological activity in the Khavinson program — modulating gene expression in immune-cell cultures, stimulating thymocyte division in culture, and it is often linked to the program’s most-cited cohort study (Khavinson & Morozov, Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2003; PMID 14523363) — which tested the Thymalin and Epithalamin gland extracts, not Vilon.

Vilon is not FDA- or EMA-approved. Its registration in Russia as a dietary supplement is undocumented: no source shows it, and no maker of Vilon capsules could be found (searched October 12, 2026). It is available from research-chemical vendors for laboratory research purposes.

Who Khavinson was, and what his record supports →

Mechanism of Action

• Gene expression modulation — The Khavinson group proposes that short peptides such as Vilon pass into the cell nucleus and bind DNA, and that this is how they regulate genes (Khavinson et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; PMID 27909961). Its published tests of KE binding DNA are computer models of KE docked on promoter DNA (Khavinson et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2013; PMID 23484211) and one gel-shift test, in which KE ranked second of four dipeptides for binding double-stranded DNA (Kolchina et al., Nucleic Acids Res 2019; PMID 31598715).
• Peripheral T-cell subset normalization — The one report of CD4/CD8 ratios with Vilon found, a 2008 Russian dissertation, says the ratio and T-helper counts fell when people with type 1 diabetes were given Vilon or Epitalon (Kustovskaya, 2008); no report of naïve-to-memory shifts was found. In pineal-gland tissue cultures, Vilon pushed precursor cells toward T-helper, cytotoxic T and B cells (Linkova et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2011; PMID 22803057).
• NK-cell activity support — No KE paper measuring NK-cell killing was found; in the two human reports that counted NK cells, both in type 1 diabetes, they fell after Vilon (Kuznik et al., Adv Gerontol 2007; PMID 18306698; Kustovskaya, 2008).
• Anti-senescence signaling — No KE paper reporting SA-β-gal or p16 was found. In aging human thymic cells, KE raised mitochondrial staining 1.5-fold and lowered the ribosomal protein L7A by 15% (Ivko et al., Adv Gerontol 2020; PMID 33342107); in human stem cells it raised SIRT1 in young cultures and lowered PARP1 and PARP2 in aging ones (Khavinson et al., Adv Gerontol 2023; PMID 37782636).
• Telomere-adjacent biology — No KE paper reporting telomerase activity was found. A 2016 review proposes that KE acts through irisin, a hormone linked to telomere length, without new data (Khavinson et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; PMID 26742748); the telomerase finding belongs to Epithalon (Khavinson et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2003; PMID 12937682).
• Cytokine balance — In the published work, Vilon raised interleukin-2 mRNA in mouse spleen cells in culture (Kazakova et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2002; PMID 12447482); KE lowered the IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α released by LPS-stimulated human blood immune cells from four donors (Linkova et al., Int J Mol Sci 2023; PMID 37686182); and with four other Khavinson peptides it lowered the TNF and IL-6 that bacterial LPS triggers in a human macrophage-like cell line, in a lab in Chieti, Italy, with Khavinson as co-author (Avolio et al., Int J Mol Sci 2022; PMID 35408963).
• Lysine / glutamate contextual chemistry — The KE dipeptide contains one positively-charged (lysine) and one negatively-charged (glutamate) residue; in the group’s docking model it lay along DNA’s minor groove and bound DNA more strongly than either amino acid alone (Khavinson et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2015; PMID 25705040). The Khavinson group has modeled DNA-binding affinity and sequence preference by computer, with one gel-shift experiment (Kolchina et al., Nucleic Acids Res 2019; PMID 31598715). The preferred sequence differs from paper to paper: AGAT in a 2016 docking study (Khavinson et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; PMID 27909961), TCGA in a 2019 screen of all dipeptides (Kolchina et al., Nucleic Acids Res 2019; PMID 31598715), and, in two 2023 papers, GCGG on classical B-form DNA or GGGC and GCGC on DNA curved around a nucleosome (Khavinson et al., Adv Gerontol 2023; PMID 37782636; Linkova et al., Int J Mol Sci 2023; PMID 37686182).
• Thymic cells in culture — In cultured human thymic cells, Vilon raised the nucleolar proteins that track ribosome production in thymocytes and thymic epithelial cells and turned thymocytes into dividing blast cells (Raikhlin et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2004; PMID 15455093); in mouse thymocytes it was the strongest co-mitogen of three Khavinson peptides tested (Khavinson et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2002; PMID 12420072).
• Senescence-associated gene modulation — In aging skin fibroblasts, KE and three other Khavinson peptides lowered MMP-9 and raised Ki-67 and CD98hc (Lin’kova et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2016; PMID 27259496); SA-β-galactosidase and p16 have not been reported.

What the Research Shows

• Khavinson & Morozov 2003 elderly cohort (PMID 14523363) — The most-cited human evidence in the Khavinson corpus, and often quoted for Vilon, though Vilon wasn’t in it. Khavinson and Morozov followed 266 people over 60 at gerontology institutes in St. Petersburg and Kiev for 6–8 years. Those given Thymalin (a calf-thymus extract), Epithalamin (a pineal-gland extract) or both during the first 2–3 years had lower mortality than controls: 2.0–2.1-fold with Thymalin, 1.6–1.8-fold with Epithalamin, 2.5-fold with both, and 4.1-fold in a group given both every year for 6 years. The paper says both studies split people by “stratification randomization”, with placebo controls, and gives no further detail; it tested the gland extracts, not the synthetic peptides Epitalon or Vilon.
• Anisimov & Khavinson 2010 review (PMID 19830585) — Biogerontology review summarizing peptide bioregulator evidence in aging, including Vilon's place in the framework.
• Khavinson foundational review (Neuro Endocrinol Lett 2002) — Short-peptide bioregulator theoretical framework.
• Cell-culture gene expression modulation — Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine papers documenting KE-peptide effects on lymphocyte gene expression in vitro (Kazakova et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2002; PMID 12447482). In blood cells cultured from people aged 75–88, Vilon and four other Khavinson peptides unpacked condensed chromatin and reactivated ribosomal genes, work done with a genetics group at Tbilisi State University (Khavinson et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2004; PMID 15085253; Lezhava et al., Biogerontology 2004; PMID 15105581).
• Immune subset normalization in aged animals — No rodent study of CD4/CD8 ratios or NK activity with Vilon was found. In rats, Vilon partly held off radiation-induced early aging of the thymus and spleen (Kniaz’kin & Poliakova, Adv Gerontol 2002; PMID 12096431).
• Lifetime studies in mice — In female CBA mice injected from 6 months of age, the group reported that Vilon raised physical activity, prevented spontaneous tumors and prolonged lifespan (Khavinson et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2000; PMID 11140587). The abstract of the group’s report of a similar design in Mechanisms of Ageing and Development lists the survival gain only for the pineal peptide Epitalon (mean +5.3%) and, for Vilon, more physical activity and fewer lung adenomas (Anisimov et al., Mech Ageing Dev 2001; PMID 11163623).
• Longevity-protocol context — Vilon + Epithalon is a common community “longevity” combination; the Khavinson cohort data quoted for it come from the Thymalin and Epithalamin extracts.
• Ryzhak, Khavinson, and colleagues — Subsequent Russian group work extending the Khavinson framework to bioregulators of specific systems.
• Independent Western replication — Limited. The 2003 cohort study has not been repeated by independent Western groups with modern methodology.

The 2003 Khavinson & Morozov paper is the anchor point for every downstream "Khavinson peptides extend life" claim. It reports two small studies, 266 older people in St. Petersburg and Kiev, described as randomized and placebo-controlled but with no detail on how, and run by Khavinson’s program and a long-time partner. Its findings (reduced all-cause mortality in the arms given the gland extracts compared with placebo, with Thymalin plus Epithalamin showing the largest effect; Vilon was not tested) have been cited extensively in the Russian gerontology literature and have shaped global community perception of Khavinson peptides. They have not been replicated in an independently-funded Western RCT at any time in the ~23 years since publication. This absence is significant: short peptides are cheap to synthesize, inexpensive to test, and relatively safe — the barrier to independent replication is primarily one of research-community interest and funding priority, not technical feasibility. The appropriate interpretation is that the 2003 result is a meaningful preliminary signal in a specific cohort under a specific research framework, not a confirmed therapeutic effect generalizable to arbitrary populations.

Human Data

• Khavinson & Morozov 2003 (PMID 14523363) — 266 elderly subjects in St. Petersburg and Kiev, followed 6-8 years. The arms were Thymalin, Epithalamin or both, each with lower mortality than control; Vilon was not tested. It is the trial most often quoted for Vilon, and it is not evidence for it.
• Elderly immune parameter cohort reports — Russian clinical reports describe lymphocyte-subset changes in patients given Vilon; no Vilon report of fewer infections was found, and a preliminary report in elderly colorectal-cancer patients recommends Vilon alongside radio- and chemotherapy without giving numbers in its abstract (Ias’kevich et al., Adv Gerontol 2005; PMID 16075684). Published examples include reports in people with type 1 diabetes: added to standard treatment, Vilon was followed by better clotting and fibrinolysis measures (Kuznik et al., Adv Gerontol 2006; PMID 17152731) and, in elderly patients, by a lower insulin need in most, fewer T-helper and NK cells, and normalized active T-cell, B-cell and IgA levels (Kuznik et al., Adv Gerontol 2007; PMID 18306698).
• No Phase 2/3 RCT at Western standards — Vilon has never been the subject of a registrational RCT outside the Khavinson research framework.
• Safety signal — No serious adverse-event signal in Russian published experience; the dipeptide is composed of two common dietary amino acids.
• Cohort limitations — The 2003 study gave Thymalin and Epithalamin, not Vilon, so its mortality signal says nothing about Vilon; it reports its randomization and blinding in one line each, with no detail on how they were done.
• Gerontological context — The group’s 2013 review of its clinical work covers Vilon alongside Thymalin, Thymogen, Epithalamin and other peptide preparations, used to prevent and treat disease in people of different ages and as geroprotectors (Khavinson et al., Adv Gerontol 2013; PMID 24003726). Pattern-of-evidence across the corpus is suggestive rather than confirmatory at Western regulatory standards.
• No head-to-head vs Thymosin α1 — Despite overlapping immune-restoration claim space, Vilon has never been tested head-to-head against thymosin α1, the one thymic-family peptide with substantive approved-indication evidence. This gap is one of the more conspicuous missing comparisons in the category.
• Kuznik, Linkova, and Ryzhak extension work — Subsequent Khavinson-group collaborators have extended the framework to related short peptides across immune, cardiovascular, and CNS targets (for example, heat shock proteins: Kuznik et al., Adv Gerontol 2011; PMID 22550861). The body of Russian-language and English-translated work is substantial; the confirmatory Western replication is not.

Reconstitution & Storage

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Side Effects & Risks

• Tolerability — The abstracts of the Russian clinical reports cited here do not mention adverse events, and in mice, long-term injections caused no ill effects on development, the authors reported (Khavinson et al., Bull Exp Biol Med 2000; PMID 11140587).
• Theoretical immune interaction — The group calls Vilon an immunomodulator (Morozov & Khavinson, Int J Immunopharmacol 1997; PMID 9637345), so in theory it could affect autoimmune disease or work against immunosuppressant drugs.
• Limited Western safety data — No FDA-standard safety studies.
• Pregnancy / lactation — No study in pregnancy or breastfeeding was found.
• Purity / source quality — Sold as a research chemical, it is not held to drug-quality standards.
• WADA status — Not named on the 2026 Prohibited List; its S0 clause covers substances no other section names and no government has approved for human use (World Anti-Doping Agency, 2026).
• Paradoxical responses — In the Khavinson framework, short-peptide bioregulators are claimed to normalize rather than uniformly stimulate: in elderly people with type 1 diabetes, Vilon lowered T-helper and NK-cell counts and normalized active T-cell, B-cell and IgA levels, which the authors called a stabilizing effect (Kuznik et al., Adv Gerontol 2007; PMID 18306698). Distinguishing "normalized" from "non-responding" is difficult without clear pharmacodynamic markers.

Bloodwork & Monitoring

No label or guideline that sets monitoring for Vilon was found. The two Russian journal reports in people with type 1 diabetes measured blood clotting and fibrinolysis (antithrombin III, protein C, fibrinogen) and, in the 2007 report, T-helper, NK, active T-cell and B-cell counts, IgA and the insulin dose (Kuznik et al., Adv Gerontol 2006; PMID 17152731; Kuznik et al., Adv Gerontol 2007; PMID 18306698).

Practical Perspective on Khavinson Longevity Framework

The Vilon + Epithalon protocol is the community’s version of the Khavinson "longevity peptide" hypothesis — short cyclical courses of two synthetic peptides (immune-targeted Vilon plus pineal-targeted Epithalon) in the hope of extending life span. Its human evidence is borrowed: the 2003 Khavinson & Morozov mortality signal came from the gland extracts Thymalin and Epithalamin, not from these two synthetic peptides.

It is also, 23 years later, still the primary evidence. No independently-funded Western RCT has replicated the 2003 finding with modern methodology. This absence is meaningful: if a cheap peptide combination genuinely reduced all-cause mortality in elderly populations, one would expect substantial replication effort. The fact that replication has not happened — despite the low cost and relative accessibility of the compounds — suggests the research community's appraisal of the 2003 signal strength is more cautious than the popular "longevity peptide" framing suggests.

Three interpretations are compatible with the existing evidence: (1) the 2003 extract signal is real, generalizes, and carries over to the synthetic peptides — which has never been tested; (2) the signal is real within the specific 2003 cohort context (older residents of St. Petersburg and Kiev with particular baseline health and nutritional patterns) but does not generalize to contemporary populations with different baseline conditions; (3) the signal reflects methodological artifacts that would not survive modern study-design standards. None of these can be distinguished from the existing evidence.

Quick Compare — Vilon vs Epithalon vs Thymalin vs Thymosin α1

Vilon is often grouped with the other Khavinson short peptides and the related thymic peptide family. Clear comparison:

• Vilon + Epithalon — A common community longevity pair. It is not the pair from the 2003 cohort study, which gave the Thymalin and Epithalamin extracts.
• Vilon vs Thymalin — Vilon is the reductionist synthetic KE distilled from the Thymalin framework. Whether the dipeptide reproduces the polypeptide extract's activity is the central Khavinson reduction hypothesis.
• Vilon vs Thymosin α1 — Different molecules with fundamentally different evidence bases. Thymosin α1 has approved pharmaceutical status in >30 countries; Vilon is a research compound with small Russian clinical reports and no trial.

→ See Epithalon profile  •  → See Thymalin profile  •  → See Thymosin α1 profile

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Related Compounds

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References

1. Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG. Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2003;24(3-4):233-240. PMID: 14523363.
2. Khavinson VKh. Peptides and Ageing. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002;23 Suppl 3:11-144. PMID: 12374906.
3. Khavinson VKh, Malinin VV. Gerontological Aspects of Genome Peptide Regulation. Karger, Basel, 2005. DOI: 10.1159/isbn.978-3-318-01193-7.
4. Anisimov VN, Khavinson VKh. Peptide bioregulation of aging: results and prospects. Biogerontology. 2010;11(2):139-149. PMID: 19830585.
5. Khavinson VKh, Linkova NS, Tarnovskaya SI. Short peptides regulate gene expression. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2016;162(2):288-292. PMID: 27909961.
6. Khavinson VKh, Popovich IG, Linkova NS, Mironova ES, Ilina AR. Peptide regulation of gene expression: a systematic review. Molecules. 2021;26(22):7053. PMID: 34834147.
7. Khavinson VKh, Kuznik BI, Ryzhak GA. [Peptide bioregulators: the new class of geroprotectors. Message 2. Clinical studies results]. Adv Gerontol. 2013;26(1):20-37. PMID: 24003726. (In Russian.)
8. Kuznik BI, Lin’kova NS, Khavinson VKh. [Heat shock proteins: aging changes, development thrombotic diseases and peptidergic regulation of genes]. Adv Gerontol. 2011;24(4):539-552. PMID: 22550861. (In Russian.)
9. Linkova NS, Drobintseva AO, Orlova OA, Kuznetsova EP, Polyakova VO, Kvetnoy IM, Khavinson VKh. Peptide regulation of skin fibroblast functions during their aging in vitro. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2016;161(1):175-178. PMID: 27259496.
10. Khavinson VKh, Bondarev IE, Butyugov AA. Epithalon peptide induces telomerase activity and telomere elongation in human somatic cells. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2003;135(6):590-592. PMID: 12937682.
11. World Anti-Doping Agency. The 2026 Prohibited List. Section S0 (non-approved substances). wada-ama.org.
12. FDA. Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (503A categories list), versions updated April 15, April 22 and May 14, 2026. fda.gov/media/94155/download. Read October 3, 2026. (Notice that 12 peptides would leave Category 2 because their nominations were withdrawn; their removal; GHK-Cu, except injectable, back in Category 1.)
13. Morozov VG, Khavinson VK. Natural and synthetic thymic peptides as therapeutics for immune dysfunction. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1997;19(9-10):501-505. PMID: 9637345.
14. Linkova N, Khavinson V, Diatlova A, Petukhov M, Vladimirova E, Sukhareva M, Ilina A. The Influence of KE and EW Dipeptides in the Composition of the Thymalin Drug on Gene Expression and Protein Synthesis Involved in the Pathogenesis of COVID-19. Int J Mol Sci. 2023;24(17):13377. PMID: 37686182.
15. Khavinson VKh, Tarnovskaya SI, Linkova NS, Pronyaeva VE, Shataeva LK, Yakutseni PP. Short cell-penetrating peptides: a model of interactions with gene promoter sites. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2013;154(3):403-410. PMID: 23484211.
16. Kolchina N, Khavinson V, Linkova N, Yakimov A, Baitin D, Afanasyeva A, Petukhov M. Systematic search for structural motifs of peptide binding to double-stranded DNA. Nucleic Acids Res. 2019;47(20):10553-10563. PMID: 31598715.
17. Kazakova TB, Barabanova SV, Khavinson VKh, Glushikhina MS, Parkhomenko EP, Malinin VV, Korneva EA. In vitro effect of short peptides on expression of interleukin-2 gene in splenocytes. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2002;133(6):614-616. PMID: 12447482.
18. Avolio F, Martinotti S, Khavinson VK, Esposito JE, Giambuzzi G, Marino A, et al. Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macrophage THP-1 Cell Line. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(7):3607. PMID: 35408963.
19. Khavinson VKh, Tarnovskaya SI, Lin’kova NS, Chervyakova NA, Nichik TE, Elashkina EV, Chalisova NI. Role of peptide bond in the realization of biological activity of short peptides. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2015;158(4):551-554. PMID: 25705040.
20. Khavinson VK, Linkova NS, Ashapkin VV, Shilovsky GA, Borushko NV, Petukhov MG, Vanuyshin BF. [KE peptide regulates SIRT1, PARP1, PARP2 gene expression and protein synthesis in human mesenchymal stem cells aging]. Adv Gerontol. 2023;36(3):302-312. PMID: 37782636. (In Russian.)
21. Raikhlin NT, Bukaeva IA, Smirnova EA, Yarilin AA, Sharova NI, Mitneva MM, et al. Expression of argyrophilic proteins in the nucleolar organizer regions of human thymocytes and thymic epitheliocytes under conditions of coculturing with vilon and epithalon peptides. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2004;137(6):588-591. PMID: 15455093.
22. Khavinson VKh, Rybakina EG, Malinin VV, Pivanovich IY, Shanin SN, Korneva EA. Effects of short peptides on thymocyte blast transformation and signal transduction along the sphingomyelin pathway. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2002;133(5):497-499. PMID: 12420072.
23. Khavinson VKh, Lezhava TA, Malinin VV. Effects of short peptides on lymphocyte chromatin in senile subjects. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2004;137(1):78-81. PMID: 15085253.
24. Lezhava T, Khavison V, Monaselidze J, Jokhadze T, Dvalishvili N, Bablishvili N, Barbakadze S. Bioregulator Vilon-induced reactivation of chromatin in cultured lymphocytes from old people. Biogerontology. 2004;5(2):73-79. PMID: 15105581.
25. Khavinson VK, Anisimov VN, Zavarzina NY, Zabezhinskii MA, Zimina OA, Popovich IG, et al. Effect of vilon on biological age and lifespan in mice. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2000;130(7):687-690. PMID: 11140587.
26. Anisimov VN, Khavinson VK, Mikhalski AI, Yashin AI. Effect of synthetic thymic and pineal peptides on biomarkers of ageing, survival and spontaneous tumour incidence in female CBA mice. Mech Ageing Dev. 2001;122(1):41-68. PMID: 11163623.
27. Kuznik BI, Kolesnichenko LR, Kliuchereva NN, Pinelis IuI, Ryzhak GA, Khamaeva TsB. [Effect of thymomimetic vilon on blood coagulation system and fibrinolisis in diabetes mellitus type 1 patients of different age]. Adv Gerontol. 2006;19:107-115. PMID: 17152731. (In Russian.)
28. Kuznik BI, Isakova NV, Kliuchereva NN, Maleeva NV, Pinelis IS. [Effect of vilon on the immunity status and coagulation hemostasis in patients of different age with diabetes mellitus]. Adv Gerontol. 2007;20(2):106-115. PMID: 18306698. (In Russian.)
29. Kustovskaya EM. [Effect of peptides of the thymus, pineal gland and pituitary on immunity and hemostasis (an experimental and clinical study)]. Candidate of Medical Sciences dissertation; 2008. dissercat.com/content/vliyanie-peptidov-vilochkovoi-zhelezy-epifiza-i-gipofiza-na-immunitet-i-gemostaz-eksperiment. Read October 3, 2026. (In Russian.)
30. Searches of October 12, 2026 for a maker’s figure for Vilon capsules: the St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology’s catalogue of its synthetic peptides (Cytogens), sold as capsules and sublingual solutions, which lists seven products, Vilon not among them (gerontology.ru/cytogens); and web searches in Russian and English, which found research-chemical vials and dosing pages that name no maker.

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