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Longevity · Pill

Ovagen

Gray market

Checked · 20 sources · 11 corrections on this page · No vendors · No affiliates · No one buys a word of it

0 human trials for this use

Preclinical · Rat studies from one Ukrainian team · Zamorskii 2017

Gray market · No FDA ruling — not on any list

Sold as a research chemical.

Bottom line

Interesting idea, thin evidence, misleading name. Not proven in humans.

Also called
EDL · Glu-Asp-Leu · glutamyl-aspartyl-leucine · Khavinson hepato-GI tripeptide
Category
Peptide — Khavinson Tripeptide Bioregulator (Hepato-GI)
Sequence
Glu-Asp-Leu (EDL)
Molecular Formula
C₁₅H₂₅N₃O₈
Molecular Weight
375.37 Da
Class
Ultrashort peptide bioregulator
Target Tissue
Liver & GI epithelium (claimed)
Developer
V. Khavinson (St Petersburg IBG)
Route (studied)
IM (people, in a patent) · IP (rats) · SubQ, IM (rats, in the patent)
Route (sold)
Oral capsules (supplement); SubQ vials (research chemical)
FDA Status
Not approved
WADA Status
Not specifically named — prohibited at all times under S0 (no government has approved it for human therapeutic use)
Cost & Access
Research-only

Also for longevity

The other four questions

What does it do? Rat studies from one Ukrainian team writing with Khavinson's institute suggest it may protect the kidneys from drug and blood-flow injury (Zamorskii et al., 2017). Its liver data, from rats and from 34 people with chronic hepatitis, appear only in the developers' patent (Khavinson et al., 2007); no gut study of it was found.
Who uses it? It is sold in Russia as a dietary supplement for the liver and gut (IBG product pages), and elsewhere as a research chemical. Its card is under Longevity, with the Khavinson peptides sold for an organ Kalios has no group for, as it has none for the liver; the Gut page lists it for the gut.
Does the evidence hold up? All the research comes from one Russian program and its Ukrainian collaborators: Khavinson or his institute is behind every EDL paper in PubMed. No human trial is in a journal; the developers' patent describes one in 34 people with chronic hepatitis (Khavinson et al., 2007). No study from outside that group was found.
Bottom line? Interesting idea, thin evidence, misleading name. Not proven in humans.

Dosing from the Literature

Published for the liver and gut: 1 µg to 5 mg injected once a day for 10 days, in adults with chronic hepatitis, in the developers' patent; the Russian product instructions give capsules and drops, not a peptide dose. Not published: a human trial in a medical journal, or any study of the gut.

Ovagen has no validated clinical dose. The table gives the regimens its Russian product instructions and the developers' patent describe; none is an approved dose, and none comes from a trial published in a medical journal.

ApplicationDoseFrequencyNotes
Oral capsule (Russian supplement)1–2 capsules (0.2 g each; peptide content not stated)1–2 times a day with meals, for 20–30 days; a repeat course after 4–6 monthsThe institute's instructions for its Cytogen capsules, Ovagen among them (IBG product pages); capsule size from the Russian supplement register (RLS, 2022). No published trial has tested it.
Sublingual liquid ("Ovagen lingual", Russian supplement)5–6 drops (0.25–0.35 mL), or one ampouleDrops 3–4 times a day, or one ampoule once a day, 10–15 minutes before meals, for 1 month; a repeat after 3–6 monthsRussian supplement registration data, for adults (RLS, 2022). No published trial has tested it.
Intramuscular injection (adults with chronic hepatitis)1 µg, 10 µg or 5 mgOnce daily for 10 daysDevelopers' patent: 34 adults aged 30–56 with chronic hepatitis, randomly split into an EDL group and 15 controls on standard treatment; 1 µg in remission, 10 µg in a moderate flare, 5 mg in a severe flare (Khavinson 2007, patent RU 2297239). Not published in a journal.
Injection (rats)0.1 µg or 0.5 µg per rat0.1 µg under the skin 2 and 24 hours after removal of two-thirds of the liver; 0.5 µg into muscle on 5 days a month during 6 months of carbon tetrachloride inhalationDevelopers' patent (Khavinson 2007, patent RU 2297239)
Dosing Disclaimer

Ovagen has no FDA or EMA-recognized dose. The capsule and drop regimens above are the Russian product instructions; the injected doses come from the developers' patent, not a peer-reviewed trial. None of this constitutes clinical prescribing guidance. What this means for a given person is a question for a licensed healthcare provider.

→ Calculator — vial-to-syringe math

What It Is

Ovagen is a synthetic ultrashort peptide with the sequence Glu-Asp-Leu (EDL) — three amino acids, molecular formula C₁₅H₂₅N₃O₈, molecular weight 375.37 Da. It belongs to the Khavinson peptide bioregulator family developed across four decades of work by Professor Vladimir Khavinson and collaborators at the St Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology (IBG) and the D.O. Ott Research Institute of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductology (Russian Academy of Sciences).

The Khavinson program began in the 1970s with crude peptide extracts from animal organs (thymus, pineal, prostate, retina, etc.) that produced what the Russian literature describes as tissue-specific "bioregulatory" effects — modulation of tissue function that tracks with the origin organ of the extract. Over time, the group designed short (di- to tetra-peptide) sequences from the amino-acid composition of these extracts (Khavinson 2002, PMID 12374906), synthesized them and reported that they reproduced the tissue-specific bioregulatory effects, producing the named synthetic peptide bioregulators: Epithalon (AEDG, pineal / telomere), Pinealon / Testagen / Livagen / Vesugen / Ovagen / Vilon / Prostamax and others, each with claimed tissue-specific activity matching the organ from which the original extract was derived.

Ovagen (EDL) is positioned in this lineage as a hepato-gastrointestinal tissue-associated peptide, but its published studies are in kidney cells and in rat kidneys; the liver claim rests on a patent application (Khavinson 2022, PMID 35887081). The nomenclature is a historical artifact of the Russian development program and does not denote ovarian targeting — the adjacent named Khavinson peptide for ovarian tissue is Ovaramin (an ovarian complex) / Zhenoluten (A-15), not Ovagen.

A notable disambiguation: a separate veterinary product made in New Zealand, also named "Ovagen", consists of ovine (sheep) follicle-stimulating hormone used for superovulation in breeding applications. In the veterinary literature, Ovagen is an ovine FSH preparation (Samartzi 2008, PMID 18325004) made by Immuno-Chemical Products Ltd. of Auckland, New Zealand, and used to superovulate goats (McNatty 1989, PMID 16031503). That product is distinct from the Khavinson tripeptide (a chain of 3 amino acids) on this page and shares only the trade-name phonetics. The Kalios profile refers exclusively to Khavinson's Glu-Asp-Leu tripeptide.

Who Khavinson was, and what his record supports →

Mechanism of Action

  • Intranuclear peptide-DNA interaction (Khavinson hypothesis) — The defining mechanistic claim of the Khavinson bioregulator family is that ultrashort peptides penetrate into the cell nucleus and engage directly with chromatin / DNA to modulate gene expression (Khavinson 2021, PMID 34834147). The proposed interactions include sequence-specific binding to promoter regions and modulation of chromatin decondensation (Khavinson 2009, PMID 19902107; Khavinson 2021, PMID 34834147).
  • POT-family transporter uptake — The Khavinson group proposes that Ovagen and related tripeptides enter cells through the POT (proton-dependent oligopeptide transporter) family — PEPT1 (SLC15A1) and PEPT2 (SLC15A2) — the transporters that absorb di/tripeptides in the small intestine and reabsorb them in the kidney (Khavinson 2022, PMID 35887081). Uptake of di/tripeptides in general through these transporters is well characterized; for EDL it has not been measured. For EDL itself, the evidence is one computer-docking study from the Khavinson group: in the model, EDL bound PEPT1 about as strongly as known PEPT1 inhibitors, so it might be carried by the transporter or might block it; the authors say the one available PEPT2 structure did not allow a reliable estimate, call their results preliminary, and measured no uptake (Khavinson 2023, PMID 36979488).
  • Tissue-specific gene expression modulation (claimed) — The group's 2021 review lists EDL for "regulation of renal cells' function, hepatoprotection, DNA binding", citing one kidney-cell study (Khavinson 2021, PMID 34834147); the EDL gene-expression work found is in kidney cells; no liver or GI-epithelial gene-expression data were found.
  • Hepatoprotection (claimed) — No journal paper reporting EDL in animal models of chemical liver injury (carbon tetrachloride, paracetamol / acetaminophen) was found; the group's 2022 review cites a patent application for the liver claim (Khavinson 2022, PMID 35887081).
  • GI epithelial barrier support (claimed) — No published study of EDL in the gut, in animals or in cells, was found.
  • Regenerative / proliferative support — The developers' patent reports more dividing liver cells in rats given EDL after removal of two-thirds of the liver (Khavinson 2007, patent RU 2297239), and EDL raised cell proliferation in aging kidney-cell cultures (Khavinson 2014, Adv Gerontol, PMID 25946838). No study of gut-cell proliferation was found.
  • mTOR (the cell's master switch for growth and protein-building) / autophagy (cellular self-cleanup) considerations — No paper linking EDL to the mTOR pathway or to autophagy was found.
  • Not a receptor agonist in conventional terms — No study reporting a cell-surface receptor for EDL was found; the group proposes that EDL acts on gene expression by binding DNA (Khavinson 2014, Adv Gerontol, PMID 25946838).
  • Comparative Khavinson family mechanism — The group's 2021 review lists Ovagen (EDL) with Epithalon (AEDG), Pinealon (EDR), Vesugen (KED) and Testagen (KEDG) among the short peptides it says regulate gene expression (Khavinson 2021, PMID 34834147).
  • Oral bioavailability feasibility — PEPT1 and PEPT2 carry di- and tripeptides, and peptide-like drugs such as cefadroxil, into cells of the intestine and kidney (Khavinson 2022, PMID 35887081); how much EDL is absorbed by mouth has not been measured.
  • Sequence-specific DNA binding (proposed) — The Khavinson hypothesis includes sequence-specific peptide-DNA interactions in promoter regions of target genes (Khavinson 2009, PMID 19902107). Studies from the group, many of them computer models, place short peptides at different DNA sequences (Khavinson 2016, PMID 27909961); for EDL, no study from outside the group was found. For EDL itself, the DNA-binding work is computer modeling: one model places it in the minor groove of an AT-rich stretch of DNA, ATATATATAT (Khavinson 2014, Adv Gerontol, PMID 25946838); another places it at the sequence CTCC (Khavinson 2016, PMID 27909961).
  • Chromatin decondensation — The group's 2021 review describes other short peptides of the family (EDR, AEDG, AEDL, KEDW, AEDR, KEDG) binding histone proteins and making gene promoter regions more accessible, and proposes that short peptides interact with the nucleosome directly (Khavinson 2021, PMID 34834147); no such study of EDL was found.
  • Tissue-specificity rationale — The group proposes that the carriers that move a short peptide into cells, which depend on its structure, underlie its tissue specificity (Khavinson 2022, PMID 35887081). PEPT1 is expressed most in the small intestine and kidneys and PEPT2 mainly in the kidneys (Khavinson 2023, PMID 36979488); EDL's studies in journals are in kidney cells and rat kidneys.
Mechanism Caveat

The core Khavinson claim is that ultrashort peptides cross nuclear membranes and directly engage chromatin / DNA to produce tissue-specific gene-expression changes (Khavinson 2021, PMID 34834147). POT-family carriers do move di- and tripeptides into cells (Khavinson 2022, PMID 35887081), but EDL's uptake has not been measured, and its DNA binding exists only as the group's computer models (Khavinson 2014, Adv Gerontol, PMID 25946838; Khavinson 2016, PMID 27909961). Khavinson or his institute is behind every EDL paper in PubMed; no study from outside the group was found. The mechanism remains the Russian research program's hypothesis.

What the Research Shows

  • Khavinson geroprotector reviews — The Khavinson group has published multiple review articles framing the ultrashort peptide bioregulator family as a "new class of geroprotectors," including Khavinson & Kuznik 2013 (Adv Gerontol; PMID 24003726 — covers the broader bioregulator family including Timalin, Thymogen, Vilon, Epithalamin, Prostatilen, Cortexin, Retinalamin; Ovagen lineage is adjacent).
  • Hepatoprotection in carbon tetrachloride / paracetamol models — No journal paper describing Ovagen pretreatment in CCl₄ or acetaminophen liver injury in rodents was found in PubMed or Europe PMC. In the group's own 2022 review, the source given for EDL as a liver protector is a patent application, not a journal paper, while its kidney-protector label cites a 2017 rat study (Khavinson 2022, PMID 35887081).
  • Kidney injury in rats (one team) — The animal studies of EDL in PubMed are kidney studies, all from one team at Bukovinian State Medical University in Chernivtsi, Ukraine, writing with Khavinson's institute. In rats with cisplatin-induced acute kidney failure, EDL brought urine output, creatinine excretion, filtration rate and urine protein back toward normal (Zamorskii 2015, PMID 26515176); it prevented low urine output and azotemia and cut proteinuria after gentamicin injury or an ischemia-reperfusion injury (Zamorskii 2017, PMID 28744634); and in old rats it raised sodium excretion 1.6-fold (Zamorskii 2018, PMID 30607912).
  • Kidney cell cultures (in vitro) — In the Khavinson group's aging kidney-cell cultures, EDL raised cell proliferation and SIRT-6 and lowered the aging markers p16, p21 and p53 (Khavinson 2014, Adv Gerontol, PMID 25946838), and a second culture study names the matrix enzyme MMP-14 as EDL's target (Khavinson 2014, Bull Exp Biol Med, PMID 24958378). In kidney explants from young and old rats, EDL (coded T-35) raised proliferation and lowered apoptosis, though less than a calf-kidney peptide extract (Chalisova 2015, PMID 26033601).
  • Epigenetic / gene-expression modulation (in vitro) — The EDL cell-culture studies in journals are in kidney cells (see the kidney bullets above); the developers' patent adds cultured fragments of rat liver, which grew more with EDL (Khavinson 2007, patent RU 2297239). No GI-epithelial cell study was found.
  • Chromatin binding (in vitro) — Older Khavinson-group biophysical work proposes direct peptide–DNA binding at specific sequences; the methodological rigor is variable and not universally accepted.
  • POT-family transporter uptake — No uptake of EDL has been measured; the only EDL-specific work is a computer-docking study (Khavinson 2023, PMID 36979488).
  • Immunomodulation / anti-inflammation — Some Khavinson bioregulator review articles propose anti-inflammatory effects across the family; Ovagen-specific anti-inflammation data is modest.
  • GI motility / mucosal integrity — No published study of Ovagen in the gut was found, in people, animals or cells.
  • Adjacent Khavinson peptides (context) — Vesugen (KED) for vessels, Livagen (KEDA) for liver, Testagen (KEDG) for testis, Pinealon (EDR) for nervous system, Epithalon (AEDG) for pineal (small brain gland that makes melatonin) / telomeres; Ovagen (EDL) sits within this family as the hepato-GI member alongside Livagen.
  • No randomized placebo-controlled human trials of Ovagen have been published in peer-reviewed Western journals. No journal report of Ovagen in people was found.
  • Safety signal (Russian experience) — Decades of Russian oral capsule distribution have not surfaced major safety signals, though the evidence quality for safety mirrors the evidence quality for efficacy (predominantly uncontrolled).

Human Data

  • No published Western RCTs — PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov searches as of April 2026 return no randomized placebo-controlled human trials specifically evaluating Ovagen (EDL) for any clinical indication.
  • Khavinson group clinical-use reports — No journal report of Ovagen (EDL) in people was found in PubMed or Europe PMC. The developers' patent describes 34 adults aged 30–56 with chronic hepatitis, randomly split into a group given EDL injections for 10 days and 15 controls on standard treatment, and reports bilirubin and ALT returning to normal with EDL (Khavinson 2007, patent RU 2297239). The institute's product pages say clinical study found Ovagen effective in hepatitis, after radiation or chemotherapy, and for liver function in older people (IBG product pages); no report of that study was found.
  • Khavinson geroprotector review (PMID 24003726) — The Khavinson group’s review of its clinical studies of peptide bioregulators names Thymalin, Thymogen, Vilon, Epithalamin, Prostatilen, Cortexin and Retinalamin in its abstract, not Ovagen.
  • Safety experience — Russian OTC capsule product distribution has generated a broad post-marketing experience without major safety signals; counts as decades of informal pharmacovigilance but not a formal safety database.
  • Aging / longevity claims — The Khavinson group's 2003 mortality study (266 people over 60, followed 6–8 years; its main groups were randomized and placebo-controlled) used the gland extracts Thymalin and Epithalamin, not Ovagen (Khavinson 2003, PMID 14523363); no cohort analysis including Ovagen was found.
  • Western peer-review status — Ovagen has essentially no peer-reviewed Western-language RCT footprint; the evidence base is structurally limited to the Khavinson ecosystem.

Reconstitution & Storage

Ovagen is supplied either as oral capsules (finished Russian product) or as a lyophilized research-grade peptide powder for laboratory reconstitution. Oral capsules do not require reconstitution.

Form / Vial SizeDiluentResulting ConcentrationUse
Oral capsule (0.2 g; RLS, 2022)Not applicableNot applicableTaken by mouth, with meals in the institute's instructions
Lyophilized 5 mg (research)1 mL BAC water5 mg/mL (5,000 mcg/mL)SubQ research dosing or stock for in vitro work
Lyophilized 10 mg (research)2 mL BAC water5 mg/mLResearch use
  • Reconstitution — Reconstitution guides describe adding diluent slowly down the side of the vial, then swirling gently.
  • Oral capsule storage — The Russian supplement register lists a dry place out of the light at 2–25°C, and a shelf life of 5 years for the capsules and tablets and 3 years for the sublingual liquid (RLS, 2022).
  • Not for clinical sterile compounding — Research-grade reconstitution is not equivalent to pharmaceutical-grade sterile preparation for human injection.

→ Calculator — vial-to-syringe math

Side Effects & Risks

Important

Consult a licensed healthcare provider. Ovagen is not an approved drug in the US, the EU or Russia, where it is registered as a dietary supplement (RLS, 2022), and its name collides with an unrelated veterinary product (McNatty 1989, PMID 16031503).

  • Tolerability — The institute that developed it says no side effects were found with its Cytogen capsules (IBG product pages). The developers' patent reports no toxic reactions in mice given single injections of up to 5 mg/kg, and no side effects in rats injected daily for 90 days or guinea pigs for 6 months at up to 1 mg/kg; its hepatitis study does not mention side effects (Khavinson 2007, patent RU 2297239). No published safety study in people was found.
  • Intolerance — The institute's instructions and the Russian supplement registration list individual intolerance of the components as a contraindication (IBG product pages; RLS, 2022).
  • Hepatic effects — In the developers' toxicity tests, rats and guinea pigs injected daily for 3 to 6 months showed no harm to liver function (Khavinson 2007, patent RU 2297239); no report of liver harm in people was found.
  • Pregnancy and lactation — The institute's instructions and the Russian supplement registration list pregnancy and breastfeeding as contraindications (IBG product pages; RLS, 2022); no study in pregnancy was found.
  • Pediatric use — No study in children was found; the Russian registration gives directions for adults (RLS, 2022).
  • Cancer (theoretical) — EDL raised cell proliferation in aging kidney-cell cultures (Khavinson 2014, Adv Gerontol, PMID 25946838), so an effect on tumor growth is possible in theory; no study of EDL and cancer was found.
  • Purity concerns — Sold outside Russia as a research chemical, it is not held to drug-quality standards.
  • Product confusion risk — The veterinary "Ovagen" is ovine FSH made in New Zealand (Samartzi 2008, PMID 18325004; McNatty 1989, PMID 16031503), a different product from the Khavinson tripeptide.
  • Long-term safety — No long-term study in people was found; the developers' longest toxicity test gave guinea pigs daily injections for 6 months (Khavinson 2007, patent RU 2297239).

Bloodwork & Monitoring

No trial, label or guideline sets monitoring for Ovagen. The patient study in the developers' patent tracked complaints and liver blood tests: aminotransferase (ALT) activity, bilirubin and protein (Khavinson 2007, patent RU 2297239).

Commonly Stacked With

The Khavinson institute's product pages list Ovagen in combined schemes with its other Cytogen capsules: with Vesugen and Crystagen for digestion; Pinealon and Vesugen for the nervous system; Crystagen and Vesugen for immunity; and Vesugen and Chonluten after radiation or chemotherapy (IBG product pages). No study of these combinations was found.

Pinealon (EDR)

Tripeptide with nervous-system claims. The institute's pages list Pinealon, Vesugen and Ovagen together as a scheme for the nervous system (IBG product pages).

Vesugen (KED)

Khavinson tripeptide sold for blood vessels. The institute's pages pair it with Ovagen in four combined schemes: digestion, the nervous system, immunity, and recovery after radiation or chemotherapy (IBG product pages).

Stacking this? Read the receipt →

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Legal Status

Current Status — April 2026

Ovagen is not approved by the FDA, EMA, MHRA, TGA, or Health Canada as a drug for any indication. It is distributed in Russia as a supplement / "biologically active additive" (BAA) in oral capsule form, and through international research-peptide channels for laboratory research use.

The Khavinson peptide bioregulator family is distributed broadly in Russia through clinics and consumer channels but has not entered any major Western regulatory pathway. No IND or NDA-stage U.S. development program is active for Ovagen.

Ovagen is not specifically named on the WADA Prohibited List. Its hepato-GI mechanism does not produce a performance-enhancing profile under current testing protocols. WADA’s S0 clause (non-approved substances) prohibits at all times any pharmacological substance that no other section covers and that no government health authority has approved for human therapeutic use (WADA Prohibited List 2026).

Ovagen is not on the FDA Category 2 Bulk Drug Substances list, and it was not among the 12 peptides FDA removed from that list in April 2026 (FDA 503A categories list, April 22, 2026). No regulated U.S. clinical pathway for Ovagen exists. It is not compoundable under 503A.

Cost & Access

Ovagen is available as a Russian-manufactured supplement, in 0.2 g capsules, 0.16 g and 0.3 g tablets and a sublingual liquid (RLS, 2022), imported through Russian / Eastern European retail channels. It is available through international research-peptide suppliers as a lyophilized powder labeled for laboratory use only.

No U.S. or EU regulated pharmacy channel dispenses Ovagen. Personal-use importation into Western jurisdictions exists in a legal gray area; regulated clinical access does not exist outside Russia.

Ovagen was not among the 12 peptides FDA removed from Category 2 in April 2026 (FDA 503A categories list, April 22, 2026). Its regulatory status is unlikely to change in the near term absent a sponsor-driven Western clinical development program — which is unlikely given the compound's age and the absence of commercial development momentum outside Russia.

Access information as of April 2026. Availability and regulatory status vary by jurisdiction. Kalios does not sell compounds.

References

  1. Khavinson VKh, Kuznik BI, Ryzhak GA. Peptide bioregulators: the new class of geroprotectors. Message 2. Clinical studies results. Adv Gerontol. 2013;26(1):20-37. PMID: 24003726. (Broader Khavinson-group review of the peptide bioregulator family.)
  2. Khavinson VK, Popovich IG, Linkova NS, Mironova ES, Ilina AR. Peptide Regulation of Gene Expression: A Systematic Review. Molecules. 2021;26(22):7053. PMID: 34834147.
  3. Khavinson VKh, Anisimov VN. Peptide regulation of aging: 35-year research experience. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2009;148(1):94-98. PMID: 19902107.
  4. Khavinson VK. Peptides and Ageing. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2002;23 Suppl 3:11-144. PMID: 12374906. (Foundational monograph on the Khavinson peptide bioregulator family.)
  5. FDA. Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (503A categories list), versions updated April 15, April 22 and May 14, 2026. fda.gov/media/94155/download. Read October 3, 2026. (Notice that 12 peptides would leave Category 2 because their nominations were withdrawn; their removal; GHK-Cu, except injectable, back in Category 1.)
  6. Samartzi F, Tsakmakidis I, Theodosiadou E, Vainas E. Effect of porcine and ovine FSH on nuclear maturation of pig oocytes in vitro. Reprod Domest Anim. 2008;43(2):153-156. PMID: 18325004.
  7. McNatty KP, Hudson NL, Ball K, Mason A, Simmons MH. Superovulation and embryo recovery in goats treated with Ovagen and Folltropin. N Z Vet J. 1989;37(1):27-29. PMID: 16031503.
  8. Khavinson VK, Linkova NS, Rudskoy AI, Petukhov MG. Feasibility of Transport of 26 Biologically Active Ultrashort Peptides via LAT and PEPT Family Transporters. Biomolecules. 2023;13(3):552. PMID: 36979488.
  9. Khavinson VKh, Tarnovskaia SI, Lin'kova NS, Poliakova VO, Durnova AO, Nichik TE, Kvetnoĭ IM, D'iakonov MM, Iakutseni PP. Tripeptides slow down aging process in renal cell culture. Adv Gerontol. 2014;27(4):651-656. PMID: 25946838. (In Russian.)
  10. Khavinson VK, Lin'kova NS, Tarnovskaya SI. Short Peptides Regulate Gene Expression. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2016;162(2):288-292. PMID: 27909961.
  11. Khavinson V, Linkova N, Kozhevnikova E, Dyatlova A, Petukhov M. Transport of Biologically Active Ultrashort Peptides Using POT and LAT Carriers. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(14):7733. PMID: 35887081.
  12. Zamorskii II, Shchudrova TS, Lin'kova NS, Nichik TE, Khavinson VKh. Peptides Restore Functional State of the Kidneys During Cisplatin-Induced Acute Renal Failure. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2015;159(6):736-739. PMID: 26515176.
  13. Zamorskii II, Shchudrova TS, Lin'kova NS, Nichik TE, Khavinson VK. Nephroprotective Effect of EDL Peptide at Acute Injury of Kidneys of Different Genesis. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2017;163(3):389-393. PMID: 28744634.
  14. Zamorskii II, Shchudrova TS, Zeleniuk VG, Linkova NS, Nichik TE, Khavinson VK. The influence of peptides on the morphofunctional state of old rats kidneys. Adv Gerontol. 2018;31(4):498-504. PMID: 30607912. (In Russian.)
  15. Khavinson VKh, Lin'kova NS, Polyakova VO, Durnova AO, Nichik TE, Kvetnoi IM. Peptides regulate expression of signaling molecules in kidney cell cultures during in vitro aging. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2014;157(2):261-264. PMID: 24958378.
  16. Chalisova NI, Lin'kova NS, Nichik TE, Ryzhak AP, Dudkov AV, Ryzhak GA. Peptide Regulation of Cells Renewal Processes in Kidney Tissue Cultures from Young and Old Animals. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2015;159(1):124-127. PMID: 26033601.
  17. Khavinson VKh, Grigoriev EI, Malinin VV, Ryzhak GA. Peptide stimulating regeneration of liver tissue, pharmaceutical composition based on it and method of its use. Russian patent RU 2297239 C1; April 20, 2007 (filed May 30, 2006; patent holder SIA Peptides). International application WO 2007/139430 A1; December 6, 2007. patents.google.com/patent/RU2297239C1/ru and patents.google.com/patent/WO2007139430A1/en. Read October 3, 2026. (The developers' patent on Ovagen's peptide, H-Glu-Asp-Leu-OH; in Russian, with the international application in English.)
  18. St. Petersburg Institute of Bioregulation and Gerontology. Cytogens; How to take. Product pages for its Cytogen capsules, Ovagen among them. old.gerontology.ru/pills/cytogens/ and old.gerontology.ru/pills/intake/. Read October 3, 2026. (In Russian.)
  19. RLS (Register of Medicinal Products of Russia). Ovagen (capsules 0.2 g; tablets 0.16 g and 0.3 g) and Ovagen lingual (liquid): dietary supplement registration data, updated August 8, 2022. rlsnet.ru/baa/ovagen-30387 and rlsnet.ru/baa/ovagen-lingval-66636. Read October 3, 2026. (In Russian.)
  20. World Anti-Doping Agency. Prohibited List 2026 (in effect January 1, 2026). S0, Non-approved substances. wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/2025-09/2026list_en_final_clean_september_2025.pdf. Read October 3, 2026.

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Checked 18 Oct 2026