Pair page
ARA-290 with Thymosin Alpha-1
Mechanism-tag overlap and published literature for ARA-290 and Thymosin Alpha-1, pulled verbatim from each Kalios compound profile. Kalios is a literature reference, not a recommendation.
Mechanism overlap
Mechanism tags are verbatim labels on each compound's profile. Generic tags ("peptide", "small-molecule", "research-chemical") are excluded from this overlap view. Tags are descriptive — not an inference about combined effect.
epo-derivedinnate-repair-receptor-agonist
endogenous-thymic-immunomodulator
Co-administration notes from the literature
Verbatim summary text pulled from each compound's profile data. Researchers studying ARA-290 and Thymosin Alpha-1 have published these mechanism-level observations. Not a co-administration recommendation.
For sarcoidosis / autoimmune small-fiber neuropathy, Thymosin Alpha-1's immune-modulatory activity (T-cell repertoire normalization) complements ARA-290's macrophage-polarization mechanism.
Quick facts
ARA-290
Thymosin Alpha-1
Literature table
Classified references from each compound profile. Click a column header to sort. Click a PMID to open PubMed. Findings are quoted verbatim from each profile's literature_summary; nothing here is added or interpreted.
| Year | Compound | Source | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | ARA-290 | Brines M, Dunne A, van Velzen M, Proto PL, Ostenson CG, Kirk RI, Petropoulos IN, Javed S, Malik RA, Cerami A, Dahan A. Cibinetide (ARA 290) for treatment of sarcoidosis-associated chronic neuropathic pain: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Clin Immunol. 2020;… PMID 31982580 | human trial, Phase 2 |
| 2015 | ARA-290 | Brines M, Dunne AN, van Velzen M, Proto PL, Ostenson CG, Kirk RI, Petropoulos IN, Javed S, Malik RA, Cerami A, Dahan A. ARA 290, a nonerythropoietic peptide engineered from erythropoietin, improves metabolic control and neuropathic symptoms in patients with type 2 diabetes. Mol… PMID 25387363 | human trial, Phase 2 |
| 2013 | ARA-290 | Dahan A, Dunne A, Swartjes M, Proto PL, Heij L, Vogels O, van Velzen M, Sarton E, Niesters M, Tannemaat MR, Cerami A, Brines M. ARA 290 improves symptoms in patients with sarcoidosis-associated small nerve fiber loss and increases corneal nerve fiber density. Mol Med. 2013;19:33… PMID 24100673 | human trial, Phase 2 |
| 2012 | ARA-290 | Heij L, Niesters M, Swartjes M, Hoitsma E, Drent M, Dunne A, Grutters JC, Vogels O, Brines M, Cerami A, Dahan A. Safety and efficacy of ARA 290 in sarcoidosis patients with symptoms of small fiber neuropathy: a randomized, double-blind pilot study. Mol Med. 2012;18(1):1430-1436.… PMID 23168581 | human trial |
| 2019 | ARA-290 | Brines M, Dunne AN, van Velzen M, Proto PL, Ostenson CG, Petropoulos IN, Javed S, Malik RA, Cerami A, Dahan A. Cibinetide improves corneal nerve fiber abundance in patients with sarcoidosis-associated small fiber loss and neuropathic pain. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2019;60(2):5… | human study |
| 2017 | ARA-290 | Culver DA, Dahan A, Bajorunas D, Jeziorska M, van Velzen M, Aarts LPHJ, Tavee J, Tannemaat MR, Dunne AN, Kirk RI, Petropoulos IN, Cerami A, Malik RA, Brines M. Cibinetide improves corneal nerve fiber abundance in patients with sarcoidosis-associated small nerve fiber loss and ne… PMID 28475703 | human study |
| 2011 | ARA-290 | Swartjes M, Morariu A, Niesters M, Brines M, Cerami A, Aarts L, Dahan A. ARA290, a peptide derived from the tertiary structure of erythropoietin, produces long-term relief of neuropathic pain: an experimental study in rats and β-common receptor knockout mice. Anesthesiology. 201… PMID 21966093 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2012 | ARA-290 | Brines M, Cerami A. The receptor that tames the innate immune response. Mol Med. 2012;18(1):486-496. PMID: 22183892. (Key mechanistic review of the Innate Repair Receptor.) PMID 22183892 | review |
| — | ARA-290 | ClinicalTrials.gov. Search: "cibinetide" / "ARA-290" / "ARA 290". Multiple NCT records across sarcoidosis, diabetic neuropathy, chronic pain, renal protection, islet transplantation. | regulatory / registry |
| 2016 | ARA-290 | Watanabe M, Lundgren T, Saito Y, Cerami A, Brines M, Östenson CG, Bränström R. A Nonhematopoietic Erythropoietin Analogue, ARA 290, Inhibits Macrophage Activation and Prevents Damage to Transplanted Islets. Transplantation. 2016;100(3):554-562. PMID: 26840669. PMID 26840669 | research article |
| 2016 | ARA-290 | Dahan A, Brines M, Niesters M, Cerami A, van Velzen M. Targeting the Innate Repair Receptor to Treat Neuropathy. Pain Rep. 2016;1(1):e566. PMID: 29392186. PMID 29392186 | research article |
| 2015 | ARA-290 | Collino M, Thiemermann C, Cerami A, Brines M. Flipping the molecular switch for innate protection and repair of tissues: Long-lasting effects of a non-erythropoietic small peptide engineered from erythropoietin. Pharmacol Ther. 2015;151:32-40. PMID: 25783068. PMID 25783068 | research article |
| 2009 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Zhang YY, Chen EQ, Yang J, Duan YR, Tang H. Treatment with thymosin alpha-1 for chronic hepatitis B: a meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat. 2009;16(6):448-458. PMID: 19243498. PMID 19243498 | meta-analysis |
| 2013 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Wu J, Zhou L, Liu J, Ma G, Kou Q, He Z, Chen J, Ou-Yang B, Chen M, Li Y, Wu X, Gu B, Chen L, Zou Z, Qiang X, Chen Y, Lin A, Zhang G, Guan X. The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial. Crit Care. 2013;… PMID 23327199 | human trial |
| 2010 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Maio M, Mackiewicz A, Testori A, Trefzer U, Ferraresi V, Jassem J, Garbe C, Lesimple T, Guillot B, Gascon P, Gilde K, Camerini R, Cognetti F; Italian Melanoma Intergroup. Large randomized study of thymosin alpha 1, interferon alfa, or both in combination with dacarbazine in pati… PMID 20194853 | human trial |
| 2005 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Iino S, Toyota J, Kumada H, Kiyosawa K, Kakumu S, Sata M, Suzuki H, Martins EB. The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha-1 in Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis B; results from a randomized clinical trial. J Viral Hepat. 2005;12(3):300-306. PMID: 15850471. PMID 15850471 | human trial |
| 1998 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Chien RN, Liaw YF, Chen TJ, Yeh CT, Sheen IS. Efficacy of thymosin alpha1 in patients with chronic hepatitis B: a randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology. 1998;27(5):1383-1387. PMID: 9581695. PMID 9581695 | human trial |
| 1989 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Gravenstein S, Duthie EH, Miller BA, Roecker E, Drinka P, Prathipati K, Ershler WB. Augmentation of influenza antibody response in elderly men by thymosin alpha one. A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1989;37(1):1-8. PMID: 2642485. PMID 2642485 | human trial |
| 2008 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Poo JL, Sánchez Ávila F, Kershenobich D, García Samper X, Torres-Ibarra R, Gongora J, Cano C, Parana R, Wiegand J, Schiff E, Rodriguez V, Uribe M. Triple combination of peginterferon alpha-2a, ribavirin and thymosin alpha-1 as rescue therapy for non-responders and relapsers to p… PMID 19034240 | human study |
| 2003 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Saruc M, Ozden N, Turkel N, Ayhan S, Hock LM, Tuzcuoglu I, Yuceyar H. Long-term outcomes of thymosin-alpha 1 and interferon alpha-2b combination therapy in patients with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) negative chronic hepatitis B. J Pharm Sci. 2003;92(7):1386-1395. PMID: 12820143. PMID 12820143 | human study |
| 1977 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Goldstein AL, Low TL, McAdoo M, McClure J, Thurman GB, Rossio J, Lai CY, Chang D, Wang SS, Harvey C, Ramel AH, Meienhofer J. Thymosin α1: isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1977;74(2):725-729. PMID: 265536. PMID 265536 | mechanism / discovery |
| 2017 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Matteucci C, Grelli S, Balestrieri E, Minutolo A, Argaw-Denboba A, Macchi B, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, Perno CF, Mastino A, Garaci E. Thymosin alpha 1 and HIV-1: recent advances and future perspectives. Future Microbiol. 2017;12:141-155. PMID: 28004573. PMID 28004573 | review |
| 2015 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Camerini R, Garaci E. Historical review of thymosin α 1 in infectious diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2015;15 Suppl 1:S117-127. PMID: 26098874. PMID 26098874 | review |
| 2019 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Liu Y, Pan Y, Hu Z, Wu M, Wang C, Feng Z, Mao C, Tan Y, Liu Y, Chen L, Li M, Wang G, Yuan Z, Diao B, Wu Y, Chen Y. Thymosin alpha 1 reduces the mortality of severe coronavirus disease 2019 by restoration of lymphocytopenia and reversion of exhausted T cells. Clin Infect Dis. 202… PMID 32442267 | research article |
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More research context
Frequently asked
Have ARA-290 and Thymosin Alpha-1 been studied together?
Researchers have published mechanistic-level co-administration discussion of ARA-290 and Thymosin Alpha-1. No human co-administration trials are catalogued in the Kalios profiles. The pair page lists each compound's classified literature; full citations sit on each individual profile.
What mechanisms do ARA-290 and Thymosin Alpha-1 share?
ARA-290 and Thymosin Alpha-1 do not share a specific mechanism tag on their Kalios profiles. They appear on the same pair page because at least one profile lists the other in its co-administration data.
What is the FDA status of ARA-290 and Thymosin Alpha-1?
ARA-290: Not approved (orphan designation for sarcoidosis). Thymosin Alpha-1: Not approved (US). FDA-status text is pulled verbatim from each compound profile. See /fda-pcac-2026.html for the broader FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee context.
Where can I find the full research on ARA-290 and Thymosin Alpha-1?
Full citation lists, dosing tables from the literature, reconstitution data, and the FDA / WADA status are on the individual compound profiles: the ARA-290 profile and the Thymosin Alpha-1 profile. The Kalios Stack Research Tool hub lists every compound covered.
Last updated: April 2026