Survodutide

Dosing from the Literature

Published for fat loss: 0.6 to 4.8 mg once a week over 46 weeks in Phase 2 (Le Roux et al., 2024), and 3.6 or 6.0 mg once a week over 76 weeks in Phase 3 (Le Roux et al., 2026; Wharton et al., 2026). Not published: an approved dose.

The doses below are those given in published Phase 2 and Phase 3 trials. Survodutide is investigational; no approved dose exists.

What It Is

Survodutide, developmentally coded BI 456906, is a once-weekly subcutaneous peptide dual agonist of the glucagon receptor (GCGR) and the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R). It is a modified human glucagon sequence, co-invented by Boehringer Ingelheim and Zealand Pharma, carrying a C18 fatty acid that binds albumin and lengthens its half-life to support once-weekly dosing (Zimmermann et al., 2022). Zealand licensed it to Boehringer, which funds and runs all development (Zimmermann et al., 2022; Le Roux et al., 2025).

Dual GLP-1/glucagon agonism is a distinct therapeutic concept from the GLP-1/GIP dual agonism represented by tirzepatide. GLP-1 agonists reduce body weight primarily by suppressing appetite and slowing gastric emptying; glucagon agonism contributes complementary effects on hepatic fatty acid oxidation, thermogenesis, and energy expenditure. The trialists' rationale for testing it in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH, formerly NASH) with fibrosis is that dual glucagon and GLP-1 receptor agonism may be more effective than GLP-1 receptor agonism alone (Sanyal et al., 2024).

Survodutide's first human trial began in 2017, and its Phase 2 trials in type 2 diabetes, obesity and MASH ran from 2020 to 2023 (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03175211, NCT04153929, NCT04667377, NCT04771273). The Phase 3 obesity trials SYNCHRONIZE-1 and SYNCHRONIZE-2 reported in 2026 (Le Roux et al., 2026; Wharton et al., 2026); the cardiovascular safety trial SYNCHRONIZE-CVOT is listed as completed with no results posted, and Phase 3 trials in MASH and type 2 diabetes are recruiting (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06077864, NCT06632444, NCT07754461). As of April 2026, survodutide has not received marketing approval in any jurisdiction.

In the broader competitive landscape, survodutide is one of three advanced GLP-1-pathway combination assets — alongside Eli Lilly's retatrutide (triple agonist GLP-1/GIP/glucagon) and mazdutide (Innovent / Lilly GLP-1/glucagon). Each explores a different trade-off between weight-loss magnitude, hepatic-fat clearance, glycemic effect, and tolerability. Survodutide's positioning within this field will be determined by its Phase 3 efficacy versus tirzepatide and retatrutide and, critically, by its hepatic-fat and fibrosis-stage data in the MASH indication where the glucagon arm is most mechanistically differentiating.

Mechanism of Action

Survodutide was designed to act on the glucagon receptor (GCGR) and the GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) in balance; cell and mouse studies showed it engages both (Zimmermann et al., 2022). In people, falls in plasma amino acids and glucagon in the Phase 1 studies indicated that both receptors were engaged (Jungnik et al., 2023).

• GLP-1 receptor agonism — In mouse, rat and human pancreatic islets, survodutide boosted glucose-stimulated insulin secretion about as much as GLP-1 or liraglutide. In mice it reduced food intake and improved glucose tolerance in normal animals but not in animals lacking the GLP-1 receptor, and it slowed gastric emptying (Zimmermann et al., 2022).
• Glucagon receptor agonism — Survodutide activated the glucagon receptor in mouse, rat, monkey and human liver cells; in mice it switched on glucagon-receptor signalling in the liver (higher liver Nnmt mRNA and plasma FGF-21, lower plasma amino acids) and raised energy expenditure, measured by calorimetry, without raising body temperature or activity (Zimmermann et al., 2022). Semaglutide acts on the GLP-1 receptor alone and tirzepatide on the GIP and GLP-1 receptors, so neither has this arm (Wegovy and Zepbound labels).
• Hepatic lipid clearance — In the Phase 2 MASH trial (Sanyal 2024, PMID 38847460), decreases in liver fat content by ≥30% by MRI-PDFF occurred in 57–67% of survodutide-treated patients across the 2.4–6.0 mg dose range versus 14% on placebo.
• Appetite and satiety — Decreased appetite was listed in 13% of survodutide recipients versus 1% on placebo in the Phase 2 obesity trial (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04667377 results), and was the most frequent drug-related adverse event after single doses in healthy men (Jungnik et al., 2023).
• Glucose-dependent insulin secretion — In adults with type 2 diabetes in SYNCHRONIZE-2, HbA1c fell 0.9 and 0.8 percentage points on 3.6 and 6.0 mg versus 0.2 on placebo, from a baseline of 7.4% (Wharton et al., 2026; PMID 42820639). Glucagon can raise blood glucose; in obese mice, survodutide lowered blood glucose while a long-acting glucagon raised it (Zimmermann et al., 2022).
• Energy expenditure — In diet-induced obese mice, survodutide lowered body weight by up to 32% over 28 days, versus 25% and 27% for semaglutide at its maximally effective doses (significant against the lower dose only), while reducing food intake less than semaglutide at equal molar doses; the authors attribute the extra weight loss to higher energy expenditure (Zimmermann et al., Mol Metab 2022;66:101633). In people, a Phase 1 trial of energy expenditure and fat burning in 64 adults with obesity is under way, with primary completion estimated for January 2027 (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06745284).
• Blood pressure reduction — A post hoc analysis of the Phase 2 obesity trial (le Roux, Diabetes Obes Metab 2025) found systolic and diastolic blood pressure fell at 46 weeks in every survodutide dose group, with or without hypertension at baseline; the largest falls were at 2.4 and 3.6 mg, there was no clear dose–response, and the authors suggest the falls may follow from weight loss. Low blood pressure was reported as an adverse event in 5 survodutide recipients and orthostatic hypotension in 2; none was serious, one was graded severe.
• Albumin binding / long half-life — A C18 fatty acid, attached through a linker at position 24, makes survodutide bind albumin and lengthens its half-life; after a single injection, mean residence time was 44 hours in mice and 140 hours in dogs, which the developers judged enough for once-weekly dosing in humans (Zimmermann et al., 2022).
• Hepatic fibrosis modulation — Fibrosis improved by at least one stage on biopsy in 34–36% across the active arms of the Phase 2 MASH trial versus 22% on placebo (Sanyal 2024, PMID 38847460).

What the Research Shows

The survodutide evidence base is pharmaceutical-sponsored: Phase 1 and Phase 2 trials, and since 2026 the first Phase 3 results. Key studies:

• Phase 1 PK/PD (Jungnik et al., Diabetes Obes Metab 2023) — Single rising doses in 24 healthy men and multiple rising doses over 6 or 16 weeks in 125 adults with overweight or obesity, none with diabetes. Placebo-corrected weight loss reached 5.79% at week 6 and 13.8% at week 16, with plasma amino acids and glucagon falling, which the authors read as engagement of both receptors; the pharmacokinetics supported once-weekly subcutaneous dosing.
• Phase 2 obesity dose-finding (Le Roux et al., Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024;12(3):162-173) — 387 adults with obesity and without type 2 diabetes randomized to survodutide 0.6, 2.4, 3.6, or 4.8 mg or placebo for 46 weeks. Mean placebo-subtracted weight loss at 46 weeks reached approximately 12.1 percentage points at the 4.8 mg dose (absolute −14.9% vs −2.8% placebo). Gastrointestinal adverse events (nausea, vomiting, diarrhea) were dose-dependent and largely occurred during dose escalation; discontinuation attributable to GI events was meaningful but consistent with class expectations. The 18.7% figure for 4.8 mg comes from this trial's analysis by the dose actually received, using on-treatment data only, versus 2.3% on placebo (Le Roux et al., 2025).
• Phase 2 MASH + fibrosis (Sanyal et al., NEJM 2024;391(4):311-319; PMID 38847460) — 293 adults with biopsy-confirmed MASH and F1–F3 fibrosis randomized to survodutide 2.4, 4.8, or 6.0 mg or placebo for 48 weeks (24-week rapid escalation + 24-week maintenance). Primary endpoint — MASH improvement without fibrosis worsening — was achieved in 47%, 62%, and 43% across survodutide arms versus 14% placebo (P<0.001 for quadratic dose-response). MRI-PDFF ≥30% liver-fat decrease: 63%, 67%, 57% survodutide vs 14% placebo. Fibrosis improvement by ≥1 stage: 34%, 36%, 34% vs 22%. Funded by Boehringer Ingelheim; NCT04771273.
• Phase 2 type 2 diabetes — Completed Phase 2 studies in T2D showing HbA1c reduction on par with semaglutide at equivalent dose-intensities. Informed Phase 3 T2D program design.
• Phase 3 SYNCHRONIZE-1 — Global Phase 3 study in people with obesity and overweight without type 2 diabetes, randomizing to survodutide (up-titrated to 3.6 or 6.0 mg) or placebo for 76 weeks. Baseline characteristics published in PMC12673442. Endpoints: percent body weight change and ≥5% weight reduction from baseline to Week 76. At week 76, weight fell 12.2% on 3.6 mg and 13.0% on 6.0 mg versus 5.4% on placebo, and 72.6%, 71.9% and 46.3% lost at least 5% (Le Roux et al., 2026; PMID 42253238).
• Phase 3 SYNCHRONIZE-2 — Parallel global Phase 3 study in people with obesity/overweight and type 2 diabetes. Its two primary end points were percent weight change and weight loss of at least 5% at week 76; glycemic measures were secondary (Wharton et al., 2024). Weight fell 8.2% on 3.6 mg and 9.8% on 6.0 mg versus 3.9% on placebo, and HbA1c fell 0.9 and 0.8 percentage points versus 0.2, from 7.4% (Wharton et al., 2026; PMID 42820639).
• Phase 3 SYNCHRONIZE-CVOT — Cardiovascular outcomes trial. Required for broad cardiovascular label if survodutide receives FDA approval for obesity or T2D. Design details disclosed in Boehringer investor materials and clinicaltrials.gov.
• Preclinical (Zimmermann et al., Mol Metab 2022;66:101633) — Discovery and preclinical characterization of BI 456906. Demonstrated robust anti-obesity efficacy in diet-induced obese rodents with energy-expenditure and food-intake components both contributing. Informed the human dosing strategy.
• Blood pressure post-hoc (le Roux et al., Diabetes Obes Metab 2025) — Post-hoc analysis of the Phase 2 obesity dataset reported falls in systolic and diastolic blood pressure at every dose, with no clear dose–response.

Human Data

Summary of the human evidence base for survodutide:

• Phase 1 first-in-human — NCT03175211 (single rising doses in healthy men) and NCT03591718 (multiple rising doses in adults with overweight or obesity and HbA1c below 6.5%), reported together (Jungnik et al., 2023).
• Phase 2 obesity (NCT04667377) — 387 participants, 46 weeks, Le Roux Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024.
• Phase 2 MASH (NCT04771273, study 1404-0043) — 293 participants with F1–F3 fibrosis, 48 weeks, Sanyal NEJM 2024 PMID 38847460.
• Phase 2 T2D — Completed dose-finding study in participants with type 2 diabetes. HbA1c primary endpoint.
• Phase 3 SYNCHRONIZE-1 (NCT06066515) — Obesity without T2D, 76 weeks, survodutide up-titrated to 3.6 or 6.0 mg vs placebo.
• Phase 3 SYNCHRONIZE-2 (NCT06066528) — Obesity with T2D, 76 weeks.
• Phase 3 SYNCHRONIZE-CVOT — Cardiovascular outcomes, event-driven.
• Phase 3 MASH — LIVERAGE (NCT06632444), about 1,800 adults with MASH and F2–F3 fibrosis, has been recruiting since October 2024: biopsy end points at week 52, then liver outcomes over up to 7 years. LIVERAGE-Cirrhosis (NCT06632457), about 1,590 adults with compensated MASH cirrhosis, has been recruiting since November 2024 (ClinicalTrials.gov).
• Pharmacokinetics — Half-life ~6 days supporting once-weekly dosing. Linear PK across the therapeutic dose range.

All currently reported data are sponsor-funded; independent replication is limited because the molecule is proprietary and not yet commercially available.

Pipeline

• Phase 3 in type 2 diabetes (NCT07754461), primary completion est. Jan 2028
• Phase 3 LIVERAGE (MASH) (NCT06632444), primary completion est. Dec 2031
• Phase 3b SYNCHRONIZE-HERA, against placebo in women with overweight or obesity around or after menopause (600 planned; not yet recruiting) (NCT07850050), primary completion est. Jul 2028
• Phase 3b SYNCHRONIZE-START, open-label: starting survodutide, or switching to it from semaglutide or tirzepatide, in overweight or obesity without diabetes (350 planned; not yet recruiting) (NCT07855900), primary completion est. Jun 2028
• Phase 3b ELEVATE-LIVER, heart structure and function against placebo in overweight or obesity with fatty liver disease (MASLD) (600 planned; not yet recruiting) (NCT07850063), primary completion est. Apr 2029

Reconstitution & Storage

Survodutide has no approved label, so no official storage or handling instructions are public. Its Phase 3 trial records list a once-weekly subcutaneous injection from a pre-filled syringe (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06066528, NCT06077864, NCT06632444).

Research-chemical sellers list survodutide as freeze-dried powder in vials, labeled for laboratory research only and mixed with bacteriostatic water per the vial's labeling.

• Injection site — Practitioner reports describe rotating injection sites from week to week to limit local reactions.

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Side Effects & Risks

In the Phase 2 obesity trial, the investigators described survodutide's tolerability as similar to that of GLP-1 receptor agonists, with gastrointestinal events the most frequent (Le Roux et al., 2025).

• Gastrointestinal (most common) — In the Phase 2 obesity trial, nausea was listed in 56% of survodutide recipients versus 19% on placebo, vomiting in 27% vs 5%, diarrhea in 22% vs 10%, constipation in 21% vs 5% and dyspepsia in 10% vs 4%, and 22% of survodutide recipients stopped treatment because of an adverse event other than COVID-19, most during the 20-week escalation, versus 5% on placebo (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04667377 results). In SYNCHRONIZE-MASLD, gastrointestinal events came mainly during dose escalation and led 19.9% on 6.0 mg to stop treatment, versus 4.3% on placebo (Kaplan et al., 2026).
• Injection-site reactions — Not more common than on placebo in the Phase 2 trials: injection-site bruising was listed in 3.6% on survodutide vs 5.2% on placebo (obesity trial), and injection-site reactions in 3.3% vs 6.3% (MASH trial) (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04667377 and NCT04771273 results).
• Heart rate elevation — In SYNCHRONIZE-MASLD, heart rate rose 3.6 beats per minute on average on 6.0 mg versus 0.8 on placebo at week 52, which the authors call consistent with other drugs that act on the GLP-1 receptor (Kaplan et al., 2026). In Part A of the Phase 1 multiple-dose study, where doses were raised over 6 weeks, 6 of 80 participants (7.5%) stopped survodutide because of a cardiac or vascular adverse event (Jungnik et al., 2023).
• Glucose considerations — Glucagon can raise blood glucose, long a concern for glucagon-receptor drugs (Zimmermann et al., 2022). In SYNCHRONIZE-MASLD, high blood glucose was reported in 1.4% on 6.0 mg versus 8.6% on placebo (Kaplan et al., 2026); for HbA1c in type 2 diabetes, see Mechanism of Action.
• Gallbladder events — Acute gallbladder disease is a listed warning for semaglutide and tirzepatide (Wegovy and Zepbound labels). In the Phase 2 trials, serious cholecystitis and cholelithiasis were each listed once among 309 survodutide recipients in the obesity trial, and cholecystitis once and cholelithiasis twice among 214 in the MASH trial, with none on placebo (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04667377 and NCT04771273 results); in SYNCHRONIZE-MASLD, cholelithiasis and cholecystitis each occurred in 0.7% on 6.0 mg and none on placebo (Kaplan et al., 2026).
• Pancreatitis — Acute pancreatitis has been seen with GLP-1 receptor agonists and is a listed warning for semaglutide and tirzepatide (Wegovy and Zepbound labels). No serious pancreatitis appears in either Phase 2 trial's posted results, though the MASH trial listed non-serious lipase increases in 10 of 214 on survodutide and none of 79 on placebo (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04667377 and NCT04771273 results); SYNCHRONIZE-MASLD had no adjudication-confirmed acute pancreatitis (Kaplan et al., 2026).
• Thyroid C-cell concerns (class) — Semaglutide and tirzepatide caused thyroid C-cell tumors in rodents, and whether they do in humans is unknown; both carry this as a boxed warning and are contraindicated with a personal or family history of medullary thyroid carcinoma or MEN 2 (Wegovy and Zepbound labels). The Phase 3 obesity trials excluded such people and track thyroid cancer and C-cell hyperplasia as adverse events of special interest (Wharton et al., 2024).
• Hypoglycemia — For semaglutide and tirzepatide, use with insulin or an insulin secretagogue, such as a sulfonylurea, may raise the risk of hypoglycemia (Wegovy and Zepbound labels). In the Phase 2 MASH trial, hypoglycemia was listed in 11 of 214 on survodutide (5.1%) versus 2 of 79 on placebo (2.5%) (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04771273 results); in SYNCHRONIZE-MASLD it was reported in none on survodutide and 2.9% on placebo (Kaplan et al., 2026).
• Fatigue, dizziness, headache — In the Phase 2 trials' posted results, fatigue was listed in 9% on survodutide vs 8% on placebo (obesity trial) and 17% vs 9% (MASH trial), dizziness in 7% vs 3% and 9% vs 8%, and headache in 10% vs 8% and 18% vs 16% (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04667377 and NCT04771273 results).
• Pregnancy and lactation — Not studied: the Phase 3 obesity trials excluded women who were pregnant or nursing or planned to become pregnant (Wharton et al., 2024). The tirzepatide label says weight loss offers no benefit in pregnancy and may cause fetal harm (Zepbound label).
• Long-term safety — Published trials have run up to 76 weeks (Le Roux et al., 2026; Wharton et al., 2026). SYNCHRONIZE-CVOT, a cardiovascular safety trial in 5,531 people, is listed as completed in June 2026 with no results posted (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06077864); the Phase 3 MASH trial LIVERAGE, which follows liver outcomes for up to 7 years, is recruiting (ClinicalTrials.gov NCT06632444).

Bloodwork & Monitoring

No label or guideline sets monitoring for survodutide, which is investigational. Its Phase 3 obesity trials assess safety through adverse events, physical examinations, vital signs, electrocardiograms and laboratory tests including calcitonin, amylase and lipase, kidney function and liver enzymes, and track possible severe drug-induced liver injury, thyroid cancers, C-cell hyperplasia, serious hypersensitivity, acute gallbladder disease and severe hypoglycemia as adverse events of special interest (Wharton et al., 2024). The Phase 2 MASH trial measured liver histology by biopsy and liver fat by MRI-PDFF (Sanyal et al., 2024; ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04771273).

Commonly Stacked With

The cards below are related drugs, not pairings: no registered trial has given survodutide together with any of them (ClinicalTrials.gov).

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Legal Status

Related Compounds

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Next Steps

References

1. Le Roux CW, Steen O, Lucas KJ, Startseva E, Unseld A, Hennige AM. Glucagon and GLP-1 receptor dual agonist survodutide for obesity: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-finding phase 2 trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2024;12(3):162-173. doi:10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00356-X. (Foundational Phase 2 obesity dose-finding; NCT04667377.)
2. Sanyal AJ, Bedossa P, Fraessdorf M, Neff GW, Lawitz E, Bugianesi E, Anstee QM, Hussain SA, Martins EB, Walker M, Oldham P, Starova B, Ogawa W, Wong VW, Ratziu V, Younes R, Hosseini-Tabatabaei A, Loomba R. A Phase 2 Randomized Trial of Survodutide in MASH and Fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(4):311-319. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2401755. PMID: 38847460. (Phase 2 MASH with fibrosis; NCT04771273.)
3. Zimmermann T, Thomas L, Baader-Pagler T, Haebel P, Simon E, Reindl W, Bajrami B, Rist W, Uphues I, Drucker DJ, Klein H, Santhanam R, Hennige AM, Hamilton B, Hennig R, Dux M, Hamprecht B, Bierwisch D, Neubauer H, Tschank G, Stengelin S, Redemann N, Wiedenmann A, Pagler T, et al. BI 456906: Discovery and preclinical pharmacology of a novel GCGR/GLP-1R dual agonist with robust anti-obesity efficacy. Mol Metab. 2022;66:101633. doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2022.101633.
4. Jungnik A, Arrubla Martinez J, Plum-Mörschel L, Kapitza C, Lamers D, Thamer C, Unseld A, Hennige AM. Phase I studies of the safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the dual glucagon receptor/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist BI 456906. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2023;25(4):1011-1023. doi:10.1111/dom.14948.
5. Wharton S, le Roux CW, Kosiborod MN, et al. Survodutide for treatment of obesity: rationale and design of two randomized phase 3 clinical trials (SYNCHRONIZE-1 and -2). Obesity (Silver Spring). 2024.
6. Wharton S, le Roux CW, Kosiborod MN, et al. Survodutide for treatment of obesity: Baseline characteristics of participants in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase 3 trial (SYNCHRONIZE-1). Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025. PMC12673442.
7. Le Roux CW, et al. Survodutide, a glucagon receptor/glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor dual agonist, improves blood pressure in adults with obesity: A post hoc analysis from a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-finding, phase 2 trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025. doi:10.1111/dom.16052.
8. Loomba R, Hartman ML, Sanyal AJ. Two Trials of Therapeutics for MASH with Liver Fibrosis. Reply. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(15):1462-1463. PMID: 39413388.
9. Polyzos SA. Two Trials of Therapeutics for MASH with Liver Fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(15):1461. PMID: 39413385.
10. Mei Z, Pu J, Shao Z. Two Trials of Therapeutics for MASH with Liver Fibrosis. N Engl J Med. 2024;391(15):1461-1462. PMID: 39413387.
11. Boehringer Ingelheim. Phase III studies — survodutide in obesity and overweight. Boehringer Ingelheim corporate press release and investor materials, 2023–2025.
12. Zealand Pharma A/S. Pipeline and partnerships — BI 456906 / survodutide co-development with Boehringer Ingelheim. zealandpharma.com, 2020–2026.
13. ClinicalTrials.gov. NCT04667377 (Phase 2 obesity); NCT04771273 (Phase 2 MASH, study 1404-0043); NCT06066515 (SYNCHRONIZE-1); NCT06066528 (SYNCHRONIZE-2).
14. Tschöp MH, Finan B, Clemmensen C, Gelfanov V, Perez-Tilve D, Müller TD, DiMarchi RD. Unimolecular polypharmacy for treatment of diabetes and obesity. Cell Metab. 2016;24(1):51-62. PMID: 27411008. (Foundational review on multi-receptor agonism rationale including GLP-1/glucagon.)
15. Jastreboff AM, Kaplan LM, Frías JP, Wu Q, Du Y, Gurbuz S, Coskun T, Haupt A, Milicevic Z, Hartman ML; Retatrutide Phase 2 Obesity Trial Investigators. Triple-Hormone-Receptor Agonist Retatrutide for Obesity — A Phase 2 Trial. N Engl J Med. 2023;389(6):514-526. PMID: 37366315. (For context: closest triple-agonist comparator.)
16. FDA. Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (503A categories list), versions updated April 15, April 22 and May 14, 2026. fda.gov/media/94155/download. Read October 3, 2026. (Notice that 12 peptides would leave Category 2 because their nominations were withdrawn; their removal; GHK-Cu, except injectable, back in Category 1.)
17. Le Roux CW, Wharton S, Startseva E, et al. Survodutide Once Weekly for the Treatment of Adults with Obesity. N Engl J Med. 2026;395(8):776-787. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2600751. PMID: 42253238. (Phase 3 SYNCHRONIZE-1; NCT06066515.)
18. Wharton S, le Roux CW, Startseva E, et al. Survodutide Once Weekly in Adults with Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. Published online October 1, 2026. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2607219. PMID: 42820639. (Phase 3 SYNCHRONIZE-2; NCT06066528.)
19. Kaplan LM, Startseva E, le Roux CW, et al. Survodutide in adults with obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: SYNCHRONIZE-MASLD, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trial. Nat Med. 2026;32(8):2948-2958. doi:10.1038/s41591-026-04479-3. PMID: 42252333. PMC13472939. (Author correction, August 25, 2026: author list, one typographical error and a figure caption.)
20. Novo Nordisk. Wegovy (semaglutide) injection and Wegovy (semaglutide) tablets prescribing information. DailyMed set ID ee06186f-2aa3-4990-a760-757579d8f77b (version effective June 18, 2026). dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Read October 4, 2026.
21. Eli Lilly and Company. Zepbound (tirzepatide) injection prescribing information. DailyMed set ID 487cd7e7-434c-4925-99fa-aa80b1cc776b (version effective August 28, 2026). dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Read October 4, 2026.
22. World Anti-Doping Agency. Prohibited List 2026 (in effect January 1, 2026). S0, Non-approved substances. wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/2025-09/2026list_en_final_clean_september_2025.pdf. Read October 3, 2026.

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