Mazdutide

Dosing from the Literature

Published for fat loss: 4 or 6 mg once a week, after a 2 mg start, in GLORY-1, the main phase 3 trial (Ji et al., 2025); 9 mg in a 60-week phase 3 (Gao et al., 2026); up to 16 mg in a US phase 2 (Hsia et al., 2026). Not published: a phase 3 trial outside China.

The rows give each trial’s doses and population. In GLORY-1, DREAMS-1, DREAMS-2 and GLORY-3 the dose started at 2 mg and rose every 4 weeks (ClinicalTrials.gov). They are trial doses, not recommendations.

What It Is

Mazdutide is a first-in-class dual agonist peptide that activates both the glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) and the glucagon receptor (GCGR). It was developed by Eli Lilly under the code LY3305677 and is being developed and commercialized in greater China by Innovent Biologics (HKEX: 01801) under the code IBI362. Like the gut hormone oxyntomodulin, it activates both receptors (Ji et al., 2021). In its phase 1b trials its half-life was 6.3 to 16.8 days in adults with overweight or obesity and 6.1 to 28.1 days in type 2 diabetes, and it was given once a week (Ji et al., 2021; Jiang et al., 2022).

The compound became a clinical milestone in 2025. On June 27, 2025, China's National Medical Products Administration (NMPA) approved mazdutide for chronic weight management in adults with overweight or obesity — the first NMPA approval of any dual GCG/GLP-1 receptor agonist globally. On September 19, 2025, NMPA extended approval to glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes. As of October 2026, mazdutide holds two NMPA approvals covering the two major metabolic indications and is in Phase 3 development across several additional indications. It has not been submitted for US FDA approval, and no Eli Lilly phase 3 trial is registered; Lilly’s published trials are a phase 1 and a 179-person US phase 2 (Bhattachar et al., 2025; Hsia et al., 2026).

ClinicalTrials.gov lists nine phase 3 trials of mazdutide sponsored by Innovent (searched October 4, 2026). GLORY-1 (Ji et al., NEJM June 12, 2025; PMID 40421736), the main obesity trial, randomized 610 Chinese adults with overweight (BMI 24 to under 28 with a weight-related condition) or obesity (BMI ≥28) to mazdutide 4 mg, 6 mg or placebo subcutaneously once weekly for 48 weeks. At week 32, weight fell 10.09% on 4 mg and 12.55% on 6 mg, against a 0.45% gain on placebo; at week 48, 11.00% and 14.01%, against a 0.30% gain. DREAMS-1 and DREAMS-2, the type 2 diabetes trials, were published back to back in Nature in December 2025 (Zhu et al., 2026; Guo et al., 2026): mazdutide lowered HbA1c more than placebo and, in DREAMS-2, more than dulaglutide 1.5 mg, and more participants reached HbA1c below 7.0% with at least 5% weight loss.

The dual mechanism is what makes mazdutide distinctive. GLP-1 receptor activation is the core incretin pharmacology — shared with semaglutide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, and tirzepatide's GLP-1 component. The glucagon-receptor arm is the differentiator: glucagon's physiological role includes stimulating hepatic fatty-acid oxidation, increasing resting metabolic rate (thermogenesis), and mobilizing hepatic glycogen. In a dual agonist, the GLP-1 component offsets the glucose-raising effect of unopposed glucagon while the glucagon arm adds an energy-expenditure and hepatic-fat-burning component that pure GLP-1 agonists lack. This is particularly relevant for the obesity-plus-fatty-liver phenotype; the ongoing GLORY-3 head-to-head trial is specifically designed to compare mazdutide against semaglutide in Chinese adults with overweight / obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD).

Mechanism of Action

Mazdutide activates the GLP-1 and glucagon receptors (Ji et al., 2025). What each receptor does comes from GLP-1 physiology and from animal studies of other dual agonists; no mechanism study of mazdutide in people is cited here.

• GLP-1 receptor (GLP-1R) — GLP-1 from the gut raises insulin and lowers glucagon after meals, slows stomach emptying and reduces food intake (Drucker, 2018).
• Glucagon receptor (GCGR), in mice — In obese mice, a long-acting dual GLP-1/glucagon agonist lost more weight than a GLP-1-only agonist matched for GLP-1 potency, raised fatty-acid oxidation and reduced fatty liver; the effect needed both receptors (Pocai et al., 2009).
• Energy use, in rodents and in people — A weekly co-agonist cut body fat in obese mice through lower food intake and higher energy expenditure (Day et al., 2009). Oxyntomodulin, a gut hormone that activates both receptors, reduces body weight in people with obesity through more energy use and less intake (Pocai et al., 2009).
• The glucose balance — In rodents, full GLP-1 activity with “an appropriate degree” of glucagon-receptor activity cut body fat “without any overt adverse effects” (Day et al., 2009). In people, mazdutide lowered HbA1c more than placebo and more than dulaglutide (Zhu et al., 2026; Guo et al., 2026).
• Liver fat — Dual agonism reduced fatty liver in obese mice (Pocai et al., 2009). In people, GLORY-3 is testing mazdutide against semaglutide in fatty liver disease, with no results yet (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06884293).
• Cardiometabolic measures — In GLORY-1, mazdutide improved every prespecified cardiometabolic measure (Ji et al., 2025); a 2026 meta-analysis of nine trials found improvements in waist, lipids, liver enzymes and uric acid (Kamrul-Hasan et al., 2026).

What the Research Shows

Mazdutide has a rapidly-growing clinical dataset concentrated in Chinese populations. Phase 2 and Phase 3 results have been published from 2021 to 2026.

• GLORY-1 obesity Phase 3 (Ji et al., NEJM 2025; PMID 40421736) — 610 Chinese adults with obesity (BMI ≥28) or overweight (BMI 24 to under 28 with at least one weight-related condition), randomized to mazdutide 4 mg, 6 mg or placebo SubQ weekly for 48 weeks. At week 32 (primary endpoint), weight fell 12.55% on 6 mg and 10.09% on 4 mg, against a 0.45% gain on placebo. At week 48, 49.5% of participants on 6 mg had lost at least 15%.
• GLORY-2, 9 mg (Gao et al., JAMA 2026) — 461 Chinese adults with BMI ≥30, 60 weeks: weight fell 16.65%, against 1.50% on placebo, and 84.3% lost at least 5%.
• DREAMS-1 T2D Phase 3 (Zhu et al., Nature 2026) — 320 Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes on diet and exercise alone. At week 24, HbA1c fell 1.57% (4 mg) and 2.15% (6 mg), against 0.14% on placebo, and weight 5.61% and 7.81%, against 1.26%. Published online with DREAMS-2 in December 2025.
• DREAMS-2 head-to-head vs dulaglutide (Guo et al., Nature 2026) — 731 Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes on oral diabetes drugs, 28 weeks. HbA1c fell 0.24 (4 mg) and 0.30 (6 mg) points more than on dulaglutide 1.5 mg, and weight 3.78 and 5.76 points more; more participants reached HbA1c below 7.0% with at least 5% weight loss.
• DREAMS-3 head-to-head vs semaglutide (announced, not yet published) — An open-label trial of 349 Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes and obesity: mazdutide 6 mg against semaglutide 1 mg for 32 weeks (Luo et al., 2026). Innovent announced that 48.0% against 21.0% reached HbA1c below 7.0% with at least 10% weight loss, with HbA1c down 2.03% against 1.84% and weight down 10.29% against 6.00% (Innovent Biologics, October 26, 2025).
• Phase 2 obesity trial (Ji et al., Nat Commun 2023; Ji et al., Med 2026) — 248 Chinese adults with overweight or obesity: at week 24, weight fell 6.7% (3 mg), 10.4% (4.5 mg) and 11.3% (6 mg), against a 1.0% gain on placebo. The trial’s 9 mg part, in 80 adults with BMI ≥30 and no diabetes, lost 12.78%, against a 1.80% gain.
• US phase 2 (Hsia et al., 2026) — Eli Lilly’s trial in 179 US adults without diabetes: at week 32, weight fell 7.3% (3–6 mg), 15.6% (10 mg) and 18.1% (16 mg), against 0.9% on placebo.
• GLORY-3 MAFLD head-to-head (ongoing) — Phase 3 comparing mazdutide 9 mg with semaglutide in Chinese adults with overweight or obesity and metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease. First participant dosed May 2025; the second head-to-head phase 3 against semaglutide, after DREAMS-3 (BioSpace, May 15, 2025).
• Parent-class dual agonist context (Ambery et al., Lancet 2018) — In a 41-day phase 2a trial in 51 adults with type 2 diabetes and overweight or obesity, MedImmune’s MEDI0382, another GLP-1/glucagon dual agonist, lowered post-meal glucose and weight more than placebo (−3.84 kg against −1.70 kg). Innovent calls mazdutide the first dual GCG/GLP-1 receptor agonist to be approved (Innovent Biologics, June 27, 2025).

Human Data

Mazdutide's human dataset spans Phase 1 through Phase 3 programs in Chinese populations, and is expanding.

• Phase 1 PK/PD (first-in-human) — Single-ascending and multiple-ascending dose studies in healthy volunteers and T2D patients established weekly-dosing pharmacokinetics and dose-dependent glycemic and appetite effects.
• Phase 2 obesity (Chinese adults) — Dose-dependent weight loss on 3, 4.5 and 6 mg at 24 weeks (Ji et al., 2023), and 12.78% on 9 mg in the trial’s second part (Ji et al., 2026).
• Phase 2 T2D — 250 Chinese adults over 20 weeks: HbA1c fell 1.41% to 1.67% on mazdutide, against 1.35% on dulaglutide and a 0.03% rise on placebo; weight fell up to 7.1% (Zhang et al., 2024).
• GLORY-1 obesity Phase 3 (NEJM 2025; PMID 40421736) — Pivotal. 610 participants. 32-week primary endpoint with 48-week total. Basis for NMPA obesity approval.
• DREAMS-1 T2D Phase 3 (Nature, online December 2025) — Pivotal T2D trial in untreated T2D (Zhu et al., 2026).
• DREAMS-2 head-to-head vs dulaglutide (Nature, online December 2025) — Superiority demonstration against a widely-used GLP-1 in Chinese T2D (Guo et al., 2026).
• DREAMS-3 head-to-head vs semaglutide — Completed; results announced by Innovent in October 2025, not yet in a journal (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06184568; Innovent Biologics, October 26, 2025).
• GLORY-2 (9 mg, JAMA 2026) — 461 Chinese adults with BMI ≥30, 60 weeks (Gao et al., 2026).
• GLORY-3 (MAFLD head-to-head vs semaglutide) — ongoing — The second head-to-head phase 3 against semaglutide, after DREAMS-3 (BioSpace, May 15, 2025).
• GLORY-OSA — ongoing — OSA indication expansion.
• No phase 3 outside China — Every registered phase 3 trial is in China (ClinicalTrials.gov). Eli Lilly’s published trials are a 32-person phase 1 up to 16 mg and a 179-person US phase 2 (Bhattachar et al., 2025; Hsia et al., 2026).
• Adolescents — A phase 1 in Chinese adolescents with obesity is completed, with no results posted, and a phase 3 is recruiting (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT06536023, NCT07255209). The approvals are for adults (Shirley, 2025).
• Real-world Chinese experience — Commercial launch in China following June / September 2025 approvals. Post-marketing real-world data will accumulate in 2026 and beyond.

Reconstitution & Storage

In the trials mazdutide was injected under the skin once a week (Ji et al., 2025). Its Chinese prescribing information, which gives its forms, storage and handling, was not available for this page, and no other document read for it describes them.

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Side Effects & Risks

What the published trials recorded:

• Gastrointestinal effects — The most common adverse events in every trial. At 9 mg for 60 weeks, vomiting affected 53.1% (placebo 1.3%), nausea 46.9% (3.2%) and diarrhoea 39.4% (6.5%) (Gao et al., 2026). In the phase 2 diabetes trial at up to 6 mg: diarrhoea 36%, decreased appetite 29%, nausea 23% and vomiting 14% (Zhang et al., 2024). Against dulaglutide, gastrointestinal events were more frequent on mazdutide (Guo et al., 2026).
• Stopping for side effects — 1.5% (4 mg) and 0.5% (6 mg) in GLORY-1, against 1.0% on placebo (Ji et al., 2025); 2.9% at 9 mg in GLORY-2, against none on placebo (Gao et al., 2026); 20% at 16 mg in the US phase 2, mostly for gastrointestinal effects (Hsia et al., 2026).
• Heart rate — A 2026 review found that dual GLP-1/glucagon agonists, mazdutide among them, have generally raised heart rate about as much as GLP-1 drugs alone (Kushner & Michos, 2026). In an early phase 1b, three participants had mild, asymptomatic heart findings on ECG (Ji et al., 2021).
• Liver enzymes — A 2026 meta-analysis of nine trials found liver enzymes improved on mazdutide (Kamrul-Hasan et al., 2026).
• Low blood sugar — In the phase 2 diabetes trial, hypoglycaemia was reported in 10% on mazdutide and 8% on placebo (Zhang et al., 2024).
• Warnings on a related drug — The US label of semaglutide, a GLP-1 drug, warns of thyroid C-cell tumours in rodents, pancreatitis, gallbladder disease, a faster heart rate, and low blood sugar with insulin or a sulfonylurea (Wegovy label). Mazdutide’s own warnings are in its Chinese prescribing information, which was not available for this page.
• Drug interactions — A phase 1 study of mazdutide with metformin, warfarin, atorvastatin and digoxin is completed, with no results posted or published (ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT05815680).
• Long-term safety — The longest published trial ran 60 weeks (Gao et al., 2026), and no cardiovascular outcomes trial is registered (ClinicalTrials.gov). A 2026 meta-analysis concludes that longer, multi-ethnic studies are needed to confirm durability, generalizability and cardiovascular safety (Kamrul-Hasan et al., 2026).
• WADA — Not named on the 2026 Prohibited List. Its S0 section covers substances with no government approval for human use; mazdutide is approved in China, so S0 does not apply (WADA Prohibited List 2026).

Bloodwork & Monitoring

No monitoring guidance for mazdutide was available for this page, and its Chinese prescribing information was not read. What the published trials measured:

• Body weight — The primary outcome of GLORY-1 (week 32) and GLORY-2 (week 60), with the share of participants losing at least 5% (Ji et al., 2025; Gao et al., 2026).
• HbA1c — The primary outcome of DREAMS-1 and DREAMS-2 (Zhu et al., 2026; Guo et al., 2026).
• Cardiometabolic measures — Prespecified in GLORY-1 (Ji et al., 2025); waist, lipids, liver enzymes and uric acid in the 2026 meta-analysis (Kamrul-Hasan et al., 2026).
• ECG — Recorded in the phase 1b, where three participants had mild, asymptomatic findings (Ji et al., 2021).
• Which tests fit a given person — A question for a licensed healthcare provider. This page can’t answer it.

Commonly Stacked With

No document read for this page shows mazdutide combined with another peptide, by users or in a study. What the trials combined it with is background treatment, recorded here as the documents give it:

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Legal Status

Related Compounds

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References

1. Ji L, Jiang H, Bi Y, Li H, Tian J, Liu D, et al; GLORY-1 Investigators. Once-Weekly Mazdutide in Chinese Adults with Obesity or Overweight. N Engl J Med. 2025;392(22):2215-2225. PMID: 40421736. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2411528. (Pivotal GLORY-1 Phase 3 publication, May 2025.)
2. Zhu D, Zhao J, Cai H, Chu X, Xiu S, Song C, et al. Mazdutide versus placebo in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes. Nature. 2026;652(8108):174-180. PMID: 41407859. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-10026-w. (DREAMS-1; published online December 17, 2025.)
3. Guo L, Zhang B, Xue X, Zhang X, Cai H, Jiang H, et al; DREAMS-2 investigators. Mazdutide versus dulaglutide in Chinese adults with type 2 diabetes. Nature. 2026;652(8108):181-188. PMID: 41407860. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-10031-z. (DREAMS-2; published online December 17, 2025.)
4. Ji L, Gao L, Jiang H, Yang J, Yu L, Wen J, et al. Safety and efficacy of a GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist mazdutide (IBI362) 9 mg and 10 mg in Chinese adults with overweight or obesity: A randomised, placebo-controlled, multiple-ascending-dose phase 1b trial. EClinicalMedicine. 2022;54:101691. PMID: 36247927.
5. Jiang H, Pang S, Zhang Y, Yu T, Liu M, Deng H, et al. A phase 1b randomised controlled trial of a glucagon-like peptide-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist IBI362 (LY3305677) in Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes. Nat Commun. 2022;13(1):3613. PMID: 35750681. (Phase 1b / dose-ascending in Chinese T2D.)
6. Ambery P, Parker VE, Stumvoll M, Posch MG, Heise T, Plum-Moerschel L, et al. MEDI0382, a GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist, in obese or overweight patients with type 2 diabetes: a randomised, controlled, double-blind, ascending dose and phase 2a study. Lancet. 2018;391(10140):2607-2618. PMID: 29945727. (Foundational dual GLP-1/glucagon agonist class precedent.)
7. Pocai A, Carrington PE, Adams JR, Wright M, Eiermann G, Zhu L, et al. Glucagon-like peptide 1/glucagon receptor dual agonism reverses obesity in mice. Diabetes. 2009;58(10):2258-2266. PMID: 19602537. (Preclinical proof-of-concept for the dual-agonist class.)
8. Day JW, Ottaway N, Patterson JT, Gelfanov V, Smiley D, Gidda J, et al. A new glucagon and GLP-1 co-agonist eliminates obesity in rodents. Nat Chem Biol. 2009;5(10):749-757. PMID: 19597507. (Early dual GLP-1/glucagon agonist chemistry; conceptual foundation for the class.)
9. Innovent Biologics press release. Innovent Announces Mazdutide, First Dual GCG/GLP-1 Receptor Agonist, Received Approval from China's NMPA for Chronic Weight Management. June 27, 2025.
10. Innovent Biologics press release. Innovent Announces Mazdutide Received Approval from China's NMPA for Glycemic Control in Adults with Type 2 Diabetes. September 19, 2025.
11. Innovent Biologics press release. Nature | Two Phase 3 Clinical Results of Mazdutide (GLP-1/GCG Dual Receptor Agonist) in Chinese Adults with Type 2 Diabetes Have Been Back-to-Back Published in Nature. November 2025.
12. Sánchez-Garrido MA, Brandt SJ, Clemmensen C, Müller TD, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. GLP-1/glucagon receptor co-agonism for treatment of obesity. Diabetologia. 2017;60(10):1851-1861. PMID: 28733905. (Class review.)
13. Finan B, Müller TD, Clemmensen C, Perez-Tilve D, DiMarchi RD, Tschöp MH. Reappraisal of GIP Pharmacology for Metabolic Diseases. Trends Mol Med. 2016;22(5):359-376. PMID: 27038883. (Broader incretin dual-agonist class review.)
14. Drucker DJ. Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Application of Glucagon-like Peptide-1. Cell Metab. 2018;27(4):740-756. PMID: 29617641. (GLP-1 mechanism framework.)
15. BioSpace press release. Second Head-to-head Phase 3 Study of Mazdutide versus Semaglutide Completes First Participant Dosing in Adults in China with Overweight or Obesity Accompanied Fatty Liver Disease (GLORY-3). May 15, 2025.
16. FDA. Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503A of the FD&C Act (503A categories list), versions updated April 15, April 22 and May 14, 2026. fda.gov/media/94155/download. Read October 3, 2026. (Notice that 12 peptides would leave Category 2 because their nominations were withdrawn; their removal; GHK-Cu, except injectable, back in Category 1.)
17. Gao L, Jiang H, Cai H, Tian J, Shi B, Qiu W, et al; GLORY-2 Trial Investigators. Treatment With 9-mg Mazdutide for Weight Reduction in Chinese Adults With Obesity: The GLORY-2 Randomized Clinical Trial. JAMA. 2026;336(5):377-388. PMID: 42251595. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2026.8142.
18. Hsia SH, Bays HE, Billings LK, Weideman AMK, Mather KJ, Coskun T, et al. Efficacy and safety of mazdutide in adults with obesity or overweight: a US-based, multicentre, phase 2, randomised, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2026 (published online August 21, 2026). PMID: 42628555. DOI: 10.1016/S2213-8587(26)00160-9.
19. Ji L, Jiang H, Cheng Z, Qiu W, Liao L, Zhang Y, et al. A phase 2 randomised controlled trial of mazdutide in Chinese overweight adults or adults with obesity. Nat Commun. 2023;14(1):8289. PMID: 38092790. DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44067-4.
20. Ji L, Jiang H, Cheng Z, Li X, Pang S, Zhang Y, et al. Mazdutide 9 mg in Chinese adults with a body mass index ≥30 kg/m2 but without diabetes: a phase 2 randomized controlled trial. Med. 2026;7(5):101063. PMID: 41875890. DOI: 10.1016/j.medj.2026.101063.
21. Zhang B, Cheng Z, Chen J, Zhang X, Liu D, Jiang H, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Mazdutide in Chinese Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Phase 2 Trial. Diabetes Care. 2024;47(1):160-168. PMID: 37943529. DOI: 10.2337/dc23-1287.
22. Ji L, Jiang H, An P, Deng H, Liu M, Li L, et al. IBI362 (LY3305677), a weekly-dose GLP-1 and glucagon receptor dual agonist, in Chinese adults with overweight or obesity: A randomised, placebo-controlled, multiple ascending dose phase 1b study. EClinicalMedicine. 2021;39:101088. PMID: 34430840. DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101088.
23. Bhattachar SN, Tham LS, Li Y, Chua L, Ng SX, Tang Y, et al. Mazdutide reduces body weight in adults with overweight or obesity: A high-dose Phase 1 trial. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025;27(11):6460-6469. PMID: 40832785. DOI: 10.1111/dom.70040.
24. Shirley M. Mazdutide: First Approval. Drugs. 2025;85(12):1621-1627. PMID: 41028652. DOI: 10.1007/s40265-025-02249-y.
25. Kamrul-Hasan ABM, Chatterjee S, Ashraf H, Nagendra L, Khalil I, Hasan M, et al. Efficacy and Safety of the Dual Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 and Glucagon Receptor Agonist Mazdutide in Predominantly Chinese Adults With Obesity and/or Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2026;28(10):8777-8794. PMID: 42410325. DOI: 10.1111/dom.71058.
26. Kushner PR, Michos ED. Cardiovascular Effects of Glucagon Receptor Signaling Alone and Combined With Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Signaling in Multiagonists: A Narrative Review With a Translational Focus. J Am Heart Assoc. 2026;15(15):e049727. PMID: 42535526. DOI: 10.1161/JAHA.126.049727.
27. Luo Y, Jiang H, Shi B, Cai H, Wang H, Li S, et al. Mazdutide versus Semaglutide for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity: Rationale, design and baseline data of DREAMS-3 phase 3 trial. Contemp Clin Trials. 2026;160:108150. PMID: 41260459. DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2025.108150.
28. Innovent Biologics. Announcement of the DREAMS-3 phase 3 results, mazdutide versus semaglutide, October 26, 2025, as reported by HCPLive and Patient Care Online, October 28, 2025. Read October 4, 2026.
29. Novo Nordisk. Wegovy (semaglutide) injection and tablets, prescribing information. DailyMed set ID ee06186f-2aa3-4990-a760-757579d8f77b (version 19, revised June 2026). dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Read October 4, 2026.
30. ClinicalTrials.gov (API v2). Records read October 4, 2026: NCT05607680, NCT06164873, NCT05628311, NCT05606913, NCT06184568, NCT06884293, NCT06931028, NCT07255209, NCT07469800, NCT06937749, NCT06862908, NCT06124807, NCT05815680, NCT06536023.
31. World Anti-Doping Agency. Prohibited List 2026 (in effect January 1, 2026). S0, Non-approved substances. wada-ama.org/sites/default/files/2025-09/2026list_en_final_clean_september_2025.pdf. Read October 3, 2026.

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