Pair page
Syn-Ake with Waglerin-1
Mechanism-tag overlap and published literature for Syn-Ake and Waglerin-1, pulled verbatim from each Kalios compound profile. Kalios is a literature reference, not a recommendation.
Mechanism overlap
Mechanism tags are verbatim labels on each compound's profile. Generic tags ("peptide", "small-molecule", "research-chemical") are excluded from this overlap view. Tags are descriptive — not an inference about combined effect.
cosmetic-snake-venom-mimetic
snake-venom-neurotoxin-nachr-research-tool
Co-administration notes from the literature
Verbatim summary text pulled from each compound's profile data. Researchers studying Syn-Ake and Waglerin-1 have published these mechanism-level observations. Not a co-administration recommendation.
The native 22-residue peptide from Tropidolaemus wagleri venom that inspired Syn-Ake's design. Waglerin-1 itself is a research toxin used for nicotinic-receptor pharmacology — it is not a cosmetic ingredient and not used in finished products. Cross-link to its profile for the full pharmacology of the parent molecule that the Syn-Ake derivative is structurally inspired by.
Quick facts
Syn-Ake
Waglerin-1
Literature table
Classified references from each compound profile. Click a column header to sort. Click a PMID to open PubMed. Findings are quoted verbatim from each profile's literature_summary; nothing here is added or interpreted.
| Year | Compound | Source | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2012 | Syn-Ake | Beer K, Waibel J. Botulinum toxin type A enhances the duration of clinical effect of topically applied Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 in patients with blepharospasm. (Pilot Study of Topical Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 in Treatment of Blepharospasm in Patients Receiving Botulinum Neurotoxin Thera… | human pilot |
| 1995 | Syn-Ake | Tsai MC, Hsieh WH, Smith LA, Lee CY. Effects of waglerin-I on neuromuscular transmission of mouse nerve-muscle preparations. Toxicon. 1995;33(3):363-371. PMID: 7638875. PMID 7638875 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 1992 | Syn-Ake | Aiken SP, Sellin LC, Schmidt JJ, Weinstein SA, McArdle JJ. A novel peptide toxin from Trimeresurus wagleri acts pre- and post-synaptically to block transmission at the rat neuromuscular junction. Pharmacol Toxicol. 1992;70(6 Pt 1):459-462. PMID: 1359525. PMID 1359525 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 1991 | Syn-Ake | Weinstein SA, Schmidt JJ, Bernheimer AW, Smith LA. Characterization and amino acid sequences of two lethal peptides isolated from venom of Wagler's pit viper, Trimeresurus wagleri. Toxicon. 1991;29(2):227-236. PMID: 2048140. PMID 2048140 | mechanism / discovery |
| 2025 | Syn-Ake | Acetyl Hexapeptide-8 in Cosmeceuticals — A Review of Skin Permeability and Efficacy. Cosmetics. 2025; PMC12193160. (Recent review of the most-studied class analog, evaluating skin permeation barriers — directly applicable to interpreting realistic Syn-Ake efficacy ceilings.) | review |
| 2022 | Syn-Ake | Anti-ageing peptides and proteins for topical applications: a review. Pharm Dev Technol. 2022;27(1):108-125. PMID: 34957891. (Recent comprehensive review of topical anti-aging peptides including discussion of nAChR-antagonist class members.) PMID 34957891 | review |
| — | Syn-Ake | Wikipedia / scholarly venomic summary: Tropidolaemus wagleri . Note: While T. wagleri 's waglerin-1 selectively blocks the ε-subunit-containing acetylcholine receptor of adult muscle, there is no scientific evidence supporting the manufacturer claim that the much smaller Syn-Ake… | industry documentation |
| 2005 | Syn-Ake | Lupo MP. Cosmeceutical peptides. Dermatol Surg. 2005;31(7 Pt 2):832-836. PMID: 16029675. PMID 16029675 | research article |
| 2002 | Syn-Ake | Molles BE, Tsigelny I, Nguyen PD, Gao SX, Sine SM, Taylor P. Residues in the epsilon subunit of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor interact to confer selectivity of waglerin-1 for the alpha-epsilon subunit interface site. Biochemistry. 2002;41(25):7895-7906. PMID: 12069578. PMID 12069578 | research article |
| 2002 | Syn-Ake | Molles BE, Rezai P, Kline EF, McArdle JJ, Sine SM, Taylor P. Identification of residues at the alpha and epsilon subunit interfaces mediating species selectivity of Waglerin-1 for nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. J Biol Chem. 2002;277(7):5433-5440. PMID: 11724791. PMID 11724791 | research article |
| 2002 | Syn-Ake | Blanes-Mira C, Clemente J, Jodas G, Gil A, Fernández-Ballester G, Ponsati B, Gutierrez L, Pérez-Payá E, Ferrer-Montiel A. A synthetic hexapeptide (Argireline) with antiwrinkle activity. Int J Cosmet Sci. 2002;24(5):303-310. PMID: 18498523. (The pivotal cosmetic-peptide reference… PMID 18498523 | research article |
| 1999 | Syn-Ake | McArdle JJ, Lentz TL, Witzemann V, Schwarz H, Weinstein SA, Schmidt JJ. Waglerin-1 selectively blocks the epsilon form of the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999;289(1):543-550. PMID: 10087048. (The pivotal paper establishing waglerin-1's selectiv… PMID 10087048 | research article |
| 1999 | Waglerin-1 | McArdle JJ, Lentz TL, Witzemann V, Schwarz H, Weinstein SA, Schmidt JJ. Waglerin-1 selectively blocks the epsilon form of the muscle nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 1999;289(1):543-550. PMID: 9918557. (The defining ε-subunit selectivity paper; IC50 ~50 nM… PMID 9918557 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2016 | Waglerin-1 | Tan KY, Tan NH, Tan CH. Proteomic Characterization and Comparison of Malaysian Tropidolaemus wagleri and Cryptelytrops purpureomaculatus Venom Using Shotgun-Proteomics. Toxins (Basel). 2016;8(10):299. PMC: PMC5086659. | mechanism / discovery |
| 2026 | Waglerin-1 | WADA. The 2026 Prohibited List. World Anti-Doping Agency. wada-ama.org. (Confirms waglerin-1 is not specifically listed.) | regulatory / registry |
| 2010 | Waglerin-1 | Verma V, Kala N, Kar P, Singh M, Patel S, et al. Conformational analysis of a toxic peptide from Trimeresurus wagleri which blocks the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Neuropharmacology. 2010;58(8):1189-1198. PMID: 20211192. (NMR refinement of the active conformation.) PMID 20211192 | research article |
| 2008 | Waglerin-1 | Bowe CA, Maleeff B, Sahyoun H, Smith C, Yamano A, Wells KW, Hashimoto M, Sokolich D, Lentz TL. Peptide-toxin tools for probing the expression and function of fetal and adult subtypes of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2008;1132:80-87. PMID: 18567854. PMID 18567854 | research article |
| 1985 | Waglerin-1 | Harvey AL, Anderson AJ. Presynaptic effects of toxins. Pharmacol Ther. 1985;31(1-2):33-55. PMID: 2436242. (Foundational presynaptic snake venom neurotoxin review covering related compounds.) PMID 2436242 | research article |
Related pair pages
More research context
Frequently asked
Have Syn-Ake and Waglerin-1 been studied together?
Researchers have published mechanistic-level co-administration discussion of Syn-Ake and Waglerin-1. No human co-administration trials are catalogued in the Kalios profiles. The pair page lists each compound's classified literature; full citations sit on each individual profile.
What mechanisms do Syn-Ake and Waglerin-1 share?
Syn-Ake and Waglerin-1 do not share a specific mechanism tag on their Kalios profiles. They appear on the same pair page because at least one profile lists the other in its co-administration data.
What is the FDA status of Syn-Ake and Waglerin-1?
Syn-Ake: Cosmetic ingredient (not drug-approved). Waglerin-1: Not approved (research only). FDA-status text is pulled verbatim from each compound profile. See /fda-pcac-2026.html for the broader FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee context.
Where can I find the full research on Syn-Ake and Waglerin-1?
Full citation lists, dosing tables from the literature, reconstitution data, and the FDA / WADA status are on the individual compound profiles: the Syn-Ake profile and the Waglerin-1 profile. The Kalios Stack Research Tool hub lists every compound covered.
Last updated: April 2026