Pair page
NAD+ with SS-31
Mechanism-tag overlap and published literature for NAD+ and SS-31, pulled verbatim from each Kalios compound profile. Kalios is a literature reference, not a recommendation.
Mechanism overlap
Mechanism tags are verbatim labels on each compound's profile. Generic tags ("peptide", "small-molecule", "research-chemical") are excluded from this overlap view. Tags are descriptive — not an inference about combined effect.
coenzymemitochondrial-longevity
cardiolipin-targeted-mitochondrial-therapeutic
Co-administration notes from the literature
Verbatim summary text pulled from each compound's profile data. Researchers studying NAD+ and SS-31 have published these mechanism-level observations. Not a co-administration recommendation.
Cardiolipin-targeting mitochondrial peptide; different mechanism. Combined use targets mitochondrial function from both the substrate (NAD+) and membrane-integrity (cardiolipin) angles. Practitioner-level stacking, not trial-validated.
Quick facts
NAD+
SS-31
Literature table
Classified references from each compound profile. Click a column header to sort. Click a PMID to open PubMed. Findings are quoted verbatim from each profile's literature_summary; nothing here is added or interpreted.
| Year | Compound | Source | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | NAD+ | Chen AC, Martin AJ, Choy B, Fernández-Peñas P, Dalziell RA, McKenzie CA, Scolyer RA, Dhillon HM, Vardy JL, Kricker A, St George G, Chinniah N, Halliday GM, Damian DL. A Phase 3 Randomized Trial of Nicotinamide for Skin-Cancer Chemoprevention. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(17):1618-1626… PMID 26488693 | human trial, Phase 3 |
| 2023 | NAD+ | Katayoshi T, Uehata S, Nakashima N, Nakajo T, Kitajima N, Kageyama M, Tsuji-Naito K. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide metabolism and arterial stiffness after long-term nicotinamide mononucleotide supplementation: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Sci Rep. 20… PMID 36797283 | human trial |
| 2018 | NAD+ | Dollerup OL, Christensen B, Svart M, Schmidt MS, Sulek K, Ringgaard S, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H, Møller N, Brenner C, Treebak JT, Jessen N. A randomized placebo-controlled clinical trial of nicotinamide riboside in obese men: safety, insulin-sensitivity, and lipid-mobilizing effect… PMID 30084900 | human trial |
| 2017 | NAD+ | Airhart SE, Shireman LM, Risler LJ, Anderson GD, Nagana Gowda GA, Raftery D, Tian R, Shen DD, O'Brien KD. An open-label, non-randomized study of the pharmacokinetics of the nutritional supplement nicotinamide riboside (NR) and its effects on blood NAD+ levels in healthy voluntee… PMID 29211728 | human trial |
| 2022 | NAD+ | Brakedal B, Dölle C, Riemer F, Ma Y, Nido GS, Skeie GO, Craven AR, Schwarzlmüller T, Brekke N, Diab J, Sverkeli L, Skjeie V, Varhaug K, Tysnes OB, Peng S, Haugarvoll K, Ziegler M, Grüner R, Eidelberg D, Tzoulis C. The NADPARK study: A randomized phase I trial of nicotinamide rib… PMID 35537443 | human trial, Phase 1 |
| 2019 | NAD+ | Grant R, Berg J, Mestayer R, Braidy N, Bennett J, Broom S, Watson J. A Pilot Study Investigating Changes in the Human Plasma and Urine NAD+ Metabolome During a 6 Hour Intravenous Infusion of NAD+. Front Aging Neurosci. 2019;11:257. PMID: 31572171. PMID 31572171 | human pilot |
| 2018 | NAD+ | Martens CR, Denman BA, Mazzo MR, Armstrong ML, Reisdorph N, McQueen MB, Chonchol M, Seals DR. Chronic nicotinamide riboside supplementation is well-tolerated and elevates NAD+ in healthy middle-aged and older adults. Nat Commun. 2018;9(1):1286. PMID: 29599478. PMID 29599478 | human study |
| 2023 | NAD+ | Vreones M, Mustapic M, Moaddel R, Pucha KA, Lovett J, Seals DR, Kapogiannis D, Martens CR. Oral nicotinamide riboside raises NAD+ and lowers biomarkers of neurodegenerative pathology in plasma extracellular vesicles enriched for neuronal origin. Aging Cell. 2023;22(1):e13754. PM… PMID 36448627 | research article |
| 2022 | NAD+ | Freeberg KA, Craighead DH, Martens CR, You Z, Chonchol M, Seals DR. Nicotinamide Riboside Supplementation for Treating Elevated Systolic Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Midlife and Older Adults. Front Cardiovasc Med. 2022;9:881703. PMID: 35757350. PMID 35757350 | research article |
| 2021 | NAD+ | Yoshino M, Yoshino J, Kayser BD, Patti GJ, Franczyk MP, Mills KF, Sindelar M, Pietka T, Patterson BW, Imai SI, Klein S. Nicotinamide mononucleotide increases muscle insulin sensitivity in prediabetic women. Science. 2021;372(6547):1224-1229. PMID: 33888596. PMID 33888596 | research article |
| 2019 | NAD+ | Elhassan YS, Kluckova K, Fletcher RS, Schmidt MS, Garten A, Doig CL, Cartwright DM, Oakey L, Burley CV, Jenkinson N, Wilson M, Lucas SJE, Akerman I, Seabright A, Lai YC, Tennant DA, Nightingale P, Wallis GA, Manolopoulos KN, Brenner C, Philp A, Lavery GG. Nicotinamide Riboside A… PMID 31390667 | research article |
| 2018 | NAD+ | Yoshino J, Baur JA, Imai SI. NAD+ Intermediates: The Biology and Therapeutic Potential of NMN and NR. Cell Metab. 2018;27(3):513-528. PMID: 29249689. PMID 29249689 | research article |
| 2021 | SS-31 | Thompson WR, Hornby B, Manuel R, Bradley E, Laux J, Carr J, Vernon HJ. A phase 2/3 randomized clinical trial followed by an open-label extension to evaluate the effectiveness of elamipretide in Barth syndrome. Genet Med. 2021;23(3):471-478. PMID: 33129823. PMID 33129823 | human trial, Phase 2 |
| 2021 | SS-31 | Roshanravan B, Liu SZ, Ali AS, Shankland EG, Goss C, Amory JK, Robertson HT, Marcinek DJ, Conley KE. In vivo mitochondrial ATP production is improved in older adult skeletal muscle after a single dose of elamipretide in a randomized trial. PLoS One. 2021;16(7):e0253849. | human trial |
| 2018 | SS-31 | Karaa A, Haas R, Goldstein A, Vockley J, Weaver WD, Cohen BH. Randomized dose-escalation trial of elamipretide in adults with primary mitochondrial myopathy. Neurology. 2018;90(14):e1212-e1221. PMID: 29523644. PMID 29523644 | human trial |
| 2017 | SS-31 | Daubert MA, Yow E, Dunn G, Marchev S, Barnhart H, Douglas PS, O'Connor C, Goldstein S, Udelson JE, Sabbah HN. Novel Mitochondria-Targeting Peptide in Heart Failure Treatment: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Elamipretide. Circ Heart Fail. 2017;10(12):e004389. PMID: 2921… PMID 29217757 | human trial |
| — | SS-31 | ClinicalTrials.gov. A Trial to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Elamipretide in Subjects with Barth Syndrome (TAZPOWER). NCT03098797. | human trial |
| 2024 | SS-31 | Thompson WR, Manuel R, Abbruscato A, Carr J, Campbell J, Hornby B, Vaz FM, Vernon HJ. Long-term efficacy and safety of elamipretide in patients with Barth syndrome: 168-week open-label extension results of TAZPOWER. Genet Med. 2024;26(7). PMID: 38602181. PMID 38602181 | human pilot |
| 2024 | SS-31 | SS-31 treatment ameliorates cardiac mitochondrial morphology and defective mitophagy in a murine model of Barth syndrome. Sci Rep. 2024;14:s41598-024-64368-y. | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2017 | SS-31 | Sweetwyne MT, Pippin JW, Eng DG, Hudkins KL, Chiao YA, Campbell MD, Marcinek DJ, Alpers CE, Szeto HH, Rabinovitch PS, Shankland SJ. The mitochondrial-targeted peptide, SS-31, improves glomerular architecture in mice of advanced age. Kidney Int. 2017;91(5):1126-1145. PMID: 280635… PMID 28063595 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2014 | SS-31 | Szeto HH, Birk AV. Serendipity and the discovery of novel compounds that restore mitochondrial plasticity. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014;96(6):672-683. PMID: 25188725. PMID 25188725 | mechanism / discovery |
| 2025 | SS-31 | Stealth BioTherapeutics. FORZINITY (elamipretide) prescribing information. FDA accelerated approval September 2025. | regulatory / registry |
| 2016 | SS-31 | Sabbah HN, Gupta RC, Kohli S, Wang M, Hachem S, Zhang K. Chronic Therapy With Elamipretide (MTP-131), a Novel Mitochondria-Targeting Peptide, Improves Left Ventricular and Mitochondrial Function in Dogs With Advanced Heart Failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2016;9(2):e002206. PMID: 26839… PMID 26839394 | research article |
| 2013 | SS-31 | Birk AV, Liu S, Soong Y, Mills W, Singh P, Warren JD, Seshan SV, Pardee JD, Szeto HH. The mitochondrial-targeted compound SS-31 re-energizes ischemic mitochondria by interacting with cardiolipin. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;24(8):1250-1261. PMID: 23813215. PMID 23813215 | research article |
Related pair pages
More research context
Frequently asked
Have NAD+ and SS-31 been studied together?
Researchers have published mechanistic-level co-administration discussion of NAD+ and SS-31. No human co-administration trials are catalogued in the Kalios profiles. The pair page lists each compound's classified literature; full citations sit on each individual profile.
What mechanisms do NAD+ and SS-31 share?
NAD+ and SS-31 do not share a specific mechanism tag on their Kalios profiles. They appear on the same pair page because at least one profile lists the other in its co-administration data.
What is the FDA status of NAD+ and SS-31?
NAD+: Not approved (IV off-label). SS-31: Approved Sep 2025 (Forzinity, Barth syndrome). FDA-status text is pulled verbatim from each compound profile. See /fda-pcac-2026.html for the broader FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee context.
Where can I find the full research on NAD+ and SS-31?
Full citation lists, dosing tables from the literature, reconstitution data, and the FDA / WADA status are on the individual compound profiles: the NAD+ profile and the SS-31 profile. The Kalios Stack Research Tool hub lists every compound covered.
Last updated: April 2026