Pair page
MOTS-c with SS-31
Mechanism-tag overlap and published literature for MOTS-c and SS-31, pulled verbatim from each Kalios compound profile. Kalios is a literature reference, not a recommendation.
Mechanism overlap
Mechanism tags are verbatim labels on each compound's profile. Generic tags ("peptide", "small-molecule", "research-chemical") are excluded from this overlap view. Tags are descriptive — not an inference about combined effect.
mitochondrial-derived-exercise-mimetic
cardiolipin-targeted-mitochondrial-therapeutic
Co-administration notes from the literature
Verbatim summary text pulled from each compound's profile data. Researchers studying MOTS-c and SS-31 have published these mechanism-level observations. Not a co-administration recommendation.
Different mitochondrial target (cardiolipin stabilization vs AMPK activation). Layered protocol for users with specific mitochondrial dysfunction concerns. Evidence for combination benefit is practitioner-level.
Complementary mitochondrial mechanism — MOTS-c activates AMPK systemically; SS-31 stabilizes inner mitochondrial membrane architecture. Common pairing in community mitochondrial-optimization protocols.
Quick facts
MOTS-c
SS-31
Literature table
Classified references from each compound profile. Click a column header to sort. Click a PMID to open PubMed. Findings are quoted verbatim from each profile's literature_summary; nothing here is added or interpreted.
| Year | Compound | Source | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2022 | MOTS-c | Ramanjaneya M, Jerobin J, Bettahi I, et al. MOTS-c, the Most Recent Mitochondrial Derived Peptide in Human Aging and Age-Related Diseases. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;23(19):11991. PMID: 36233287. PMID 36233287 | human study |
| 2022 | MOTS-c | Yin X, Jing Y, Chen Q, et al. The intraocular expression of MOTS-c in patients with age-related cataracts: Correlation between MOTS-c and lens mitochondrial DNA levels. Clin Exp Ophthalmol. 2022;50(5):498-506. | human study |
| 2018 | MOTS-c | Kim KH, Son JM, Benayoun BA, Lee C. The Mitochondrial-Encoded Peptide MOTS-c Translocates to the Nucleus to Regulate Nuclear Gene Expression in Response to Metabolic Stress. Cell Metab. 2018;28(3):516-524.e7. PMID: 29983246. PMID 29983246 | mechanism / discovery |
| 2023 | MOTS-c | Kong BS, Lee C, Cho YM. Mitochondrial-encoded peptide MOTS-c, diabetes, and aging-related diseases. Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(3):315-327. PMID: 36672073. PMID 36672073 | research article |
| 2021 | MOTS-c | Reynolds JC, Lai RW, Woodhead JST, Joly JH, Mitchell CJ, Cameron-Smith D, Lu R, Cohen P, Graham NA, Benayoun BA, Merry TL, Lee C. MOTS-c is an exercise-induced mitochondrial-encoded regulator of age-dependent physical decline and muscle homeostasis. Nat Commun. 2021;12(1):470. P… PMID 33473109 | research article |
| 2018 | MOTS-c | Mendelsohn AR, Larrick JW. Mitochondrial-Derived Peptides Exacerbate Senescence. Rejuvenation Res. 2018;21(4):369-373. PMID: 30037300. PMID 30037300 | research article |
| 2015 | MOTS-c | Lee C, Zeng J, Drew BG, Sallam T, Martin-Montalvo A, Wan J, Kim SJ, Mehta H, Hevener AL, de Cabo R, Cohen P. The mitochondrial-derived peptide MOTS-c promotes metabolic homeostasis and reduces obesity and insulin resistance. Cell Metab. 2015;21(3):443-454. PMID: 25738459. DOI: 1… PMID 25738459 | research article |
| 2013 | MOTS-c | Lee C, Yen K, Cohen P. Humanin: a harbinger of mitochondrial-derived peptides? Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2013;24(5):222-228. PMID: 23402768. PMID 23402768 | research article |
| 2021 | SS-31 | Thompson WR, Hornby B, Manuel R, Bradley E, Laux J, Carr J, Vernon HJ. A phase 2/3 randomized clinical trial followed by an open-label extension to evaluate the effectiveness of elamipretide in Barth syndrome. Genet Med. 2021;23(3):471-478. PMID: 33129823. PMID 33129823 | human trial, Phase 2 |
| 2021 | SS-31 | Roshanravan B, Liu SZ, Ali AS, Shankland EG, Goss C, Amory JK, Robertson HT, Marcinek DJ, Conley KE. In vivo mitochondrial ATP production is improved in older adult skeletal muscle after a single dose of elamipretide in a randomized trial. PLoS One. 2021;16(7):e0253849. | human trial |
| 2018 | SS-31 | Karaa A, Haas R, Goldstein A, Vockley J, Weaver WD, Cohen BH. Randomized dose-escalation trial of elamipretide in adults with primary mitochondrial myopathy. Neurology. 2018;90(14):e1212-e1221. PMID: 29523644. PMID 29523644 | human trial |
| 2017 | SS-31 | Daubert MA, Yow E, Dunn G, Marchev S, Barnhart H, Douglas PS, O'Connor C, Goldstein S, Udelson JE, Sabbah HN. Novel Mitochondria-Targeting Peptide in Heart Failure Treatment: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Elamipretide. Circ Heart Fail. 2017;10(12):e004389. PMID: 2921… PMID 29217757 | human trial |
| — | SS-31 | ClinicalTrials.gov. A Trial to Evaluate Safety, Tolerability, and Efficacy of Elamipretide in Subjects with Barth Syndrome (TAZPOWER). NCT03098797. | human trial |
| 2024 | SS-31 | Thompson WR, Manuel R, Abbruscato A, Carr J, Campbell J, Hornby B, Vaz FM, Vernon HJ. Long-term efficacy and safety of elamipretide in patients with Barth syndrome: 168-week open-label extension results of TAZPOWER. Genet Med. 2024;26(7). PMID: 38602181. PMID 38602181 | human pilot |
| 2024 | SS-31 | SS-31 treatment ameliorates cardiac mitochondrial morphology and defective mitophagy in a murine model of Barth syndrome. Sci Rep. 2024;14:s41598-024-64368-y. | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2017 | SS-31 | Sweetwyne MT, Pippin JW, Eng DG, Hudkins KL, Chiao YA, Campbell MD, Marcinek DJ, Alpers CE, Szeto HH, Rabinovitch PS, Shankland SJ. The mitochondrial-targeted peptide, SS-31, improves glomerular architecture in mice of advanced age. Kidney Int. 2017;91(5):1126-1145. PMID: 280635… PMID 28063595 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2014 | SS-31 | Szeto HH, Birk AV. Serendipity and the discovery of novel compounds that restore mitochondrial plasticity. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2014;96(6):672-683. PMID: 25188725. PMID 25188725 | mechanism / discovery |
| 2025 | SS-31 | Stealth BioTherapeutics. FORZINITY (elamipretide) prescribing information. FDA accelerated approval September 2025. | regulatory / registry |
| 2016 | SS-31 | Sabbah HN, Gupta RC, Kohli S, Wang M, Hachem S, Zhang K. Chronic Therapy With Elamipretide (MTP-131), a Novel Mitochondria-Targeting Peptide, Improves Left Ventricular and Mitochondrial Function in Dogs With Advanced Heart Failure. Circ Heart Fail. 2016;9(2):e002206. PMID: 26839… PMID 26839394 | research article |
| 2013 | SS-31 | Birk AV, Liu S, Soong Y, Mills W, Singh P, Warren JD, Seshan SV, Pardee JD, Szeto HH. The mitochondrial-targeted compound SS-31 re-energizes ischemic mitochondria by interacting with cardiolipin. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2013;24(8):1250-1261. PMID: 23813215. PMID 23813215 | research article |
Related pair pages
More research context
Frequently asked
Have MOTS-c and SS-31 been studied together?
Researchers have published mechanistic-level co-administration discussion of MOTS-c and SS-31. No human co-administration trials are catalogued in the Kalios profiles. The pair page lists each compound's classified literature; full citations sit on each individual profile.
What mechanisms do MOTS-c and SS-31 share?
MOTS-c and SS-31 do not share a specific mechanism tag on their Kalios profiles. They appear on the same pair page because at least one profile lists the other in its co-administration data.
What is the FDA status of MOTS-c and SS-31?
MOTS-c: Not approved. SS-31: Approved Sep 2025 (Forzinity, Barth syndrome). FDA-status text is pulled verbatim from each compound profile. See /fda-pcac-2026.html for the broader FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee context.
Where can I find the full research on MOTS-c and SS-31?
Full citation lists, dosing tables from the literature, reconstitution data, and the FDA / WADA status are on the individual compound profiles: the MOTS-c profile and the SS-31 profile. The Kalios Stack Research Tool hub lists every compound covered.
Last updated: April 2026