Pair page
Glutathione with Thymosin Alpha-1
Mechanism-tag overlap and published literature for Glutathione and Thymosin Alpha-1, pulled verbatim from each Kalios compound profile. Kalios is a literature reference, not a recommendation.
Mechanism overlap
Mechanism tags are verbatim labels on each compound's profile. Generic tags ("peptide", "small-molecule", "research-chemical") are excluded from this overlap view. Tags are descriptive — not an inference about combined effect.
master-endogenous-antioxidanttripeptide
endogenous-thymic-immunomodulator
Co-administration notes from the literature
Verbatim summary text pulled from each compound's profile data. Researchers studying Glutathione and Thymosin Alpha-1 have published these mechanism-level observations. Not a co-administration recommendation.
Thymosin Alpha-1 modulates adaptive immunity while glutathione supports innate immune function and provides the antioxidant protection immune cells require. Combined for immune optimization, particularly during illness or chronic infection.
Quick facts
Glutathione
Thymosin Alpha-1
Literature table
Classified references from each compound profile. Click a column header to sort. Click a PMID to open PubMed. Findings are quoted verbatim from each profile's literature_summary; nothing here is added or interpreted.
| Year | Compound | Source | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2015 | Glutathione | Richie JP Jr, Nichenametla S, Neidig W, Calcagnotto A, Haley JS, Schell TD, Muscat JE. Randomized controlled trial of oral glutathione supplementation on body stores of glutathione. Eur J Nutr. 2015;54(2):251-263. PMID: 24791752. (Pivotal oral-glutathione bioavailability RCT.) PMID 24791752 | human trial |
| 2012 | Glutathione | Arjinpathana N, Asawanonda P. Glutathione as an oral whitening agent: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. J Dermatolog Treat. 2012;23(2):97-102. PMID: 20524875. PMID 20524875 | human trial |
| 2009 | Glutathione | Hauser RA, Lyons KE, McClain T, Carter S, Perlmutter D. Randomized, double-blind, pilot evaluation of intravenous glutathione in Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord. 2009;24(7):979-983. PMID: 19230029. (Subsequent double-blind placebo-controlled Parkinson's trial — more ambiguous re… PMID 19230029 | human trial |
| 2016 | Glutathione | Handog EB, Datuin MS, Singzon IA. An open-label, single-arm trial of the safety and efficacy of a novel preparation of glutathione as a skin-lightening agent in Filipino women. Int J Dermatol. 2016;55(2):153-157. PMID: 26471927. PMID 26471927 | human pilot |
| 2005 | Glutathione | Bishop C, Hudson VM, Hilton SC, Wilde C. A pilot study of the effect of inhaled buffered reduced glutathione on the clinical status of patients with cystic fibrosis. Chest. 2005;127(1):308-317. PMID: 15653999. (Nebulized glutathione in CF.) PMID 15653999 | human pilot |
| 1996 | Glutathione | Sechi G, Deledda MG, Bua G, Satta WM, Deiana GA, Pes GM, Rosati G. Reduced intravenous glutathione in the treatment of early Parkinson's disease. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 1996;20(7):1159-1170. PMID: 8992335. (Parkinson's IV glutathione pilot.) PMID 8992335 | human pilot |
| 1977 | Glutathione | Prescott LF, Park J, Ballantyne A, Adriaenssens P, Proudfoot AT. Treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) poisoning with N-acetylcysteine. Lancet. 1977;2(8035):432-434. PMID: 70646. (Foundational NAC-acetaminophen antidote paper.) PMID 70646 | human study |
| 2009 | Glutathione | Lu SC. Regulation of glutathione synthesis. Mol Aspects Med. 2009;30(1-2):42-59. PMID: 18601945. (Cellular glutathione synthesis review.) PMID 18601945 | mechanism / discovery |
| 1992 | Glutathione | Witschi A, Reddy S, Stofer B, Lauterburg BH. The systemic availability of oral glutathione. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1992;43(6):667-669. PMID: 1362956. (Early skepticism paper documenting poor standard-oral bioavailability.) PMID 1362956 | pharmacology |
| 2026 | Glutathione | WADA Prohibited List 2026. World Anti-Doping Agency. wada-ama.org. (Glutathione not listed.) | regulatory / registry |
| — | Glutathione | FDA. Acetadote (acetylcysteine) Injection Prescribing Information. FDA.gov. (NAC FDA approval reference for acetaminophen overdose.) | regulatory / registry |
| 2017 | Glutathione | Mischley LK, Lau RC, Shankland EG, Wilbur TK, Padowski JM. Phase IIb Study of Intranasal Glutathione in Parkinson's Disease. J Parkinsons Dis. 2017;7(2):289-299. PMID: 28436395. (Intranasal glutathione trial.) PMID 28436395 | research article |
| 2009 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Zhang YY, Chen EQ, Yang J, Duan YR, Tang H. Treatment with thymosin alpha-1 for chronic hepatitis B: a meta-analysis. J Viral Hepat. 2009;16(6):448-458. PMID: 19243498. PMID 19243498 | meta-analysis |
| 2013 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Wu J, Zhou L, Liu J, Ma G, Kou Q, He Z, Chen J, Ou-Yang B, Chen M, Li Y, Wu X, Gu B, Chen L, Zou Z, Qiang X, Chen Y, Lin A, Zhang G, Guan X. The efficacy of thymosin alpha 1 for severe sepsis (ETASS): a multicenter, single-blind, randomized and controlled trial. Crit Care. 2013;… PMID 23327199 | human trial |
| 2010 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Maio M, Mackiewicz A, Testori A, Trefzer U, Ferraresi V, Jassem J, Garbe C, Lesimple T, Guillot B, Gascon P, Gilde K, Camerini R, Cognetti F; Italian Melanoma Intergroup. Large randomized study of thymosin alpha 1, interferon alfa, or both in combination with dacarbazine in pati… PMID 20194853 | human trial |
| 2005 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Iino S, Toyota J, Kumada H, Kiyosawa K, Kakumu S, Sata M, Suzuki H, Martins EB. The efficacy and safety of thymosin alpha-1 in Japanese patients with chronic hepatitis B; results from a randomized clinical trial. J Viral Hepat. 2005;12(3):300-306. PMID: 15850471. PMID 15850471 | human trial |
| 1998 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Chien RN, Liaw YF, Chen TJ, Yeh CT, Sheen IS. Efficacy of thymosin alpha1 in patients with chronic hepatitis B: a randomized, controlled trial. Hepatology. 1998;27(5):1383-1387. PMID: 9581695. PMID 9581695 | human trial |
| 1989 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Gravenstein S, Duthie EH, Miller BA, Roecker E, Drinka P, Prathipati K, Ershler WB. Augmentation of influenza antibody response in elderly men by thymosin alpha one. A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1989;37(1):1-8. PMID: 2642485. PMID 2642485 | human trial |
| 2008 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Poo JL, Sánchez Ávila F, Kershenobich D, García Samper X, Torres-Ibarra R, Gongora J, Cano C, Parana R, Wiegand J, Schiff E, Rodriguez V, Uribe M. Triple combination of peginterferon alpha-2a, ribavirin and thymosin alpha-1 as rescue therapy for non-responders and relapsers to p… PMID 19034240 | human study |
| 2003 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Saruc M, Ozden N, Turkel N, Ayhan S, Hock LM, Tuzcuoglu I, Yuceyar H. Long-term outcomes of thymosin-alpha 1 and interferon alpha-2b combination therapy in patients with hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) negative chronic hepatitis B. J Pharm Sci. 2003;92(7):1386-1395. PMID: 12820143. PMID 12820143 | human study |
| 1977 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Goldstein AL, Low TL, McAdoo M, McClure J, Thurman GB, Rossio J, Lai CY, Chang D, Wang SS, Harvey C, Ramel AH, Meienhofer J. Thymosin α1: isolation and sequence analysis of an immunologically active thymic polypeptide. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 1977;74(2):725-729. PMID: 265536. PMID 265536 | mechanism / discovery |
| 2017 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Matteucci C, Grelli S, Balestrieri E, Minutolo A, Argaw-Denboba A, Macchi B, Sinibaldi-Vallebona P, Perno CF, Mastino A, Garaci E. Thymosin alpha 1 and HIV-1: recent advances and future perspectives. Future Microbiol. 2017;12:141-155. PMID: 28004573. PMID 28004573 | review |
| 2015 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Camerini R, Garaci E. Historical review of thymosin α 1 in infectious diseases. Expert Opin Biol Ther. 2015;15 Suppl 1:S117-127. PMID: 26098874. PMID 26098874 | review |
| 2019 | Thymosin Alpha-1 | Liu Y, Pan Y, Hu Z, Wu M, Wang C, Feng Z, Mao C, Tan Y, Liu Y, Chen L, Li M, Wang G, Yuan Z, Diao B, Wu Y, Chen Y. Thymosin alpha 1 reduces the mortality of severe coronavirus disease 2019 by restoration of lymphocytopenia and reversion of exhausted T cells. Clin Infect Dis. 202… PMID 32442267 | research article |
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Frequently asked
Have Glutathione and Thymosin Alpha-1 been studied together?
Researchers have published mechanistic-level co-administration discussion of Glutathione and Thymosin Alpha-1. No human co-administration trials are catalogued in the Kalios profiles. The pair page lists each compound's classified literature; full citations sit on each individual profile.
What mechanisms do Glutathione and Thymosin Alpha-1 share?
Glutathione and Thymosin Alpha-1 do not share a specific mechanism tag on their Kalios profiles. They appear on the same pair page because at least one profile lists the other in its co-administration data.
What is the FDA status of Glutathione and Thymosin Alpha-1?
Glutathione: No drug approval; supplement & compounded injectable. Thymosin Alpha-1: Not approved (US). FDA-status text is pulled verbatim from each compound profile. See /fda-pcac-2026.html for the broader FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee context.
Where can I find the full research on Glutathione and Thymosin Alpha-1?
Full citation lists, dosing tables from the literature, reconstitution data, and the FDA / WADA status are on the individual compound profiles: the Glutathione profile and the Thymosin Alpha-1 profile. The Kalios Stack Research Tool hub lists every compound covered.
Last updated: April 2026