Pair page
Dihexa with P21
Mechanism-tag overlap and published literature for Dihexa and P21, pulled verbatim from each Kalios compound profile. Kalios is a literature reference, not a recommendation.
Mechanism overlap
Mechanism tags are verbatim labels on each compound's profile. Generic tags ("peptide", "small-molecule", "research-chemical") are excluded from this overlap view. Tags are descriptive — not an inference about combined effect.
angiotensin-iv-analog-hgf-positive-modulatorpeptidomimetic
cntf-derived-neurotrophic-mimetic
Co-administration notes from the literature
Verbatim summary text pulled from each compound's profile data. Researchers studying Dihexa and P21 have published these mechanism-level observations. Not a co-administration recommendation.
Dihexa potentiates HGF/c-Met signaling — a distinct neurotrophic pathway. Layered with P21, this provides multi-pathway plasticity drive. Aggressive, speculative, and entirely unvalidated in humans for the combination.
Quick facts
Dihexa
P21
Literature table
Classified references from each compound profile. Click a column header to sort. Click a PMID to open PubMed. Findings are quoted verbatim from each profile's literature_summary; nothing here is added or interpreted.
| Year | Compound | Source | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2024 | Dihexa | Athira Pharma, Inc. Topline Results from Phase 2/3 LIFT-AD Clinical Trial of Fosgonimeton for Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease. Press release, late 2024. (NCT04488419 — primary endpoint not met.) | human trial, Phase 2 |
| 2023 | Dihexa | Athira Pharma, Inc. Results from SHAPE Phase 2 Clinical Trial of Fosgonimeton in Parkinson's Disease Dementia and Dementia with Lewy Bodies. Press release, December 2023. (NCT04831281.) | human trial, Phase 2 |
| 2022 | Dihexa | Athira Pharma, Inc. Topline Results from ACT-AD Phase 2 Proof of Concept Study of Fosgonimeton in Mild-to-Moderate Alzheimer's Disease. Press release, 2022. (NCT04491006.) | human trial, Phase 2 |
| — | Dihexa | Hua X, Church K, Walker W, L'Hostis P, Viardot G, Danjou P, Hendrix S, Moebius HJ. Safety, Tolerability, Pharmacokinetics, and Pharmacodynamics of the Positive Modulator of HGF/MET, Fosgonimeton, in Healthy Volunteers and Subjects with Alzheimer's Disease. (Fosgonimeton Phase 1… | human trial, Phase 1 |
| 2015 | Dihexa | Wright JW, Harding JW. The brain hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met receptor system: A new target for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;45(4):985-1000. PMID: 25649658. (Mechanistic review.) PMID 25649658 | human study |
| 2021 | Dihexa | Sun X, Deng Y, Liang J, Lin Y, Song J, Zhao S, Zhuang G, Jia Z. AngIV-Analog Dihexa Rescues Cognitive Impairment and Recovers Memory in the APP/PS1 Mouse via the PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway. Brain Sci. 2021 Oct 28;11(11):1421. PMID: 34827487. (Independent Chinese group; APP/PS1 m… PMID 34827487 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2025 | Dihexa | FDA. Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding — 503A and 503B Categories. FDA.gov. Updated 2025–2026. | regulatory / registry |
| 2022 | Dihexa | Stem Cell Research & Therapy. Dihexa as adjunct in peripheral nerve repair. 2022 Apr 11;13(1):159. PMID: 35410439. PMCID: PMC8996222. PMID 35410439 | research article |
| 2015 | Dihexa | Wright JW, Kawas LH, Harding JW. The development of small molecule angiotensin IV analogs to treat Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Prog Neurobiol. 2015 Feb;125:26-46. PMID: 25455861. (Comprehensive Wright/Harding review.) PMID 25455861 | research article |
| 2015 | Dihexa | Uribe PM, Kawas LH, Harding JW, Coffin AB. Hepatocyte growth factor mimetic protects lateral line hair cells from aminoglycoside exposure. Front Cell Neurosci. 2015 Jan 28;9:3. PMID: 25674052. PMCID: PMC4309183. (Independent dihexa hair-cell preservation study.) PMID 25674052 | research article |
| 2015 | Dihexa | Siller R, Greenhough S, Naumovska E, Sullivan GJ. Small-molecule-driven hepatocyte differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells. Stem Cell Reports. 2015 May 12;4(5):939-52. PMID: 25937370. PMID 25937370 | research article |
| 2014 | Dihexa | Benoist CC, Kawas LH, Zhu M, Tyson KA, Stillmaker L, Appleyard SM, Wright JW, Wayman GA, Harding JW. The procognitive and synaptogenic effects of angiotensin IV-derived peptides are dependent on activation of the hepatocyte growth factor/c-Met system. J Pharmacol Exp Ther. 2014… PMID 25187433 | research article |
| 2017 | P21 | Kazim SF, Blanchard J, Bianchi R, Iqbal K. Early neurotrophic pharmacotherapy rescues developmental delay and Alzheimer's-like memory deficits in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome. Sci Rep. 2017;7:45561. PMID: 28368026. PMID 28368026 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2017 | P21 | Kazim SF, Iqbal K. Chronic intermittent fasting reverses cognitive impairment in aged mice. Neurobiol Aging. 2017. | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2015 | P21 | Khatoon S, Chalbot S, Bolognin S, Puoliväli J, Iqbal K. Elevated tau level in aged rat cerebrospinal fluid reduced by treatment with a neurotrophic compound. J Alzheimers Dis. 2015;47(3):557-564. PMID: 26401700. PMID 26401700 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2014 | P21 | Kazim SF, Blanchard J, Dai CL, Tung YC, LaFerla FM, Iqbal IG, Iqbal K. Disease modifying effect of chronic oral treatment with a neurotrophic peptidergic compound in a triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2014;71:110-130. PMID: 25046994. PMID 25046994 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2014 | P21 | Blanchard J, Wanka L, Tung YC, Cárdenas-Aguayo Mdel C, LaFerla FM, Iqbal K, Grundke-Iqbal I. Pharmacokinetics and efficacy of P021 in a novel mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. Drug Des Devel Ther. 2014;8:711-717. PMID: 25028537. PMID 25028537 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2012 | P21 | Bolognin S, Blanchard J, Wang X, Basurto-Islas G, Tung YC, Kohlbrenner E, Grundke-Iqbal I, Iqbal K. An experimental rat model of sporadic Alzheimer's disease and rescue of cognitive impairment with a neurotrophic peptide. Acta Neuropathol. 2012;123(1):133-151. PMID: 22454023. PMID 22454023 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2010 | P21 | Li B, Wanka L, Blanchard J, Liu F, Chohan MO, Iqbal K, Grundke-Iqbal I. Neurotrophic peptides incorporating adamantane improve learning and memory, promote neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity in mice. FEBS Lett. 2010;584(15):3359-3365. PMID: 20638986. (Original P21 design and p… PMID 20638986 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2021 | P21 | Sarkar B, Kumar D, Sasmal D, Mukhopadhyay K. CNTF-pathway–mimetic small molecules: mechanistic overview. Curr Alzheimer Res. 2021. (Independent review of CNTF-mimetic programs.) | mechanism / discovery |
| 2018 | P21 | Baazaoui N, Iqbal K. A Novel Therapeutic Approach to Treat Alzheimer's Disease by Neurotrophic Support During the Period of Synaptic Compensation. J Alzheimers Dis. 2018;62(3):1211-1218. PMID: 29526843. PMID 29526843 | research article |
| 2017 | P21 | Baazaoui N, Iqbal K. Prevention of amyloid-β and tau pathologies, associated neurodegeneration, and cognitive deficit by early treatment with a neurotrophic compound. J Alzheimers Dis. 2017;58(1):215-230. PMID: 28527206. PMID 28527206 | research article |
| 2016 | P21 | Kazim SF, Iqbal K. Neurotrophic factor small-molecule mimetics mediated neuroregeneration and synaptic repair: emerging therapeutic modality for Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener. 2016;11(1):50. PMID: 27400670. PMID 27400670 | research article |
| 2016 | P21 | Iqbal K, Liu F, Gong CX. Tau and neurodegenerative disease: the story so far. Nat Rev Neurol. 2016;12(1):15-27. PMID: 26635213. (Parent-context tau review.) PMID 26635213 | research article |
Related pair pages
More research context
Frequently asked
Have Dihexa and P21 been studied together?
Researchers have published mechanistic-level co-administration discussion of Dihexa and P21. No human co-administration trials are catalogued in the Kalios profiles. The pair page lists each compound's classified literature; full citations sit on each individual profile.
What mechanisms do Dihexa and P21 share?
Dihexa and P21 do not share a specific mechanism tag on their Kalios profiles. They appear on the same pair page because at least one profile lists the other in its co-administration data.
What is the FDA status of Dihexa and P21?
Dihexa: Investigational / Research only. P21: Research only; no IND. FDA-status text is pulled verbatim from each compound profile. See /fda-pcac-2026.html for the broader FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee context.
Where can I find the full research on Dihexa and P21?
Full citation lists, dosing tables from the literature, reconstitution data, and the FDA / WADA status are on the individual compound profiles: the Dihexa profile and the P21 profile. The Kalios Stack Research Tool hub lists every compound covered.
Last updated: April 2026