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Small Molecule — Dipeptide-Derived Nootropic

Noopept

Clinical Use (Russia)

Omberacetam (INN) · GVS-111 · N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester · a small molecule: a dipeptide with both ends capped

A Russian memory drug built from two amino acids, proline and glycine, capped at both ends. Russia registered it as 10 mg tablets in 2006; in the US it turns up in supplement capsules and pre-workout powders.

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Molecular Weight
318.37 Da (C17H22N2O4)
Structure
Phenylacetyl-Pro-Gly ethyl ester (2 amino acids)
Half-life
0.38 h in plasma (Russian label; species not stated)
Route
Oral (10 mg tablets in Russia)
FDA Status
Not approved · not on FDA’s 503A lists
Russian Status
Registered 2006 · sold without prescription
Published Studies
115 PubMed records (Sep 29, 2026)
Human Studies
Russian only · no placebo-controlled memory trial
WADA Status
Not named on the 2026 List
Evidence Strength
Human (memory): Russian, no placebo arm
Animal and cell: mostly one lab
Cost & Access
Russian pharmacies; US supplements and powders

Research only · not on any FDA 503A list · Tell me if this changes →

The other four questions

What does it do? In rats and cell cultures, its developers report more of the growth factors NGF and BDNF in the hippocampus, activation of the transcription factor HIF-1, and protection of nerve cells; in rats part of it turns into cycloprolylglycine, a compound they also found naturally in rat brain. Whether it helps memory in people rests on Russian studies without a placebo arm.
Who uses it? In Russia, adults with memory and attention problems after head injury or with cerebrovascular disease, the label’s indications; there it is sold without a prescription. Elsewhere, buyers of nootropic powders, supplement capsules and pre-workout blends.
Does the evidence hold up? Thinly. The human studies are Russian, and none of those on memory is placebo-controlled; the main one compared it with piracetam, the drug it was designed to imitate, at 20 mg a day for 56 days. Most animal work comes from the institute that made it, and one 2021 rat paper was retracted over reused images.
Bottom line? A drug registered in Russia for twenty years, with no placebo-controlled memory trial. Outside Russia the question is also what a product contains: US supplements tested held 5.1 to 40.6 mg per serving, against a typical 10 mg dose.

Dosing from the Literature

Published for memory: 10 mg tablets, 20 mg a day in two doses and up to 30 mg, from the Russian label and Russian trials. Not published: a placebo-controlled trial for memory at any dose.

The table records doses as each document gives them: the Russian label’s dose, the doses Russian trials gave, one US supplement label’s directions, and what US supplements were measured to contain. They are label doses, trial doses and stated regimens, not recommendations.

SourceAmountFrequencyDurationPopulationNotes
Russian label, Noopept 10 mg tablets (label dose)20 mg a day; up to 30 mg a day10 mg morning and 10 mg afternoon, after food; three 10 mg doses at 30 mg, if 20 mg is not enough and is well tolerated; none after 6 pm1.5–3 months; a repeat course after 1 month if neededAdults with memory, attention or emotional-lability disorders after head injury, with cerebrovascular insufficiency or asthenic disordersThe label tells patients to consult a doctor if the dose needs raising to 30 mg a day, for long use, with other drugs, or if side effects appear.
Neznamov et al., 2007 (trial dose, Phase 1–2)15 or 30 mg a day (5 mg tablets)Three doses a day28 days40 patients: 20 after head injury, 20 with vascular brain diseaseNo control group; cognitive scores did not differ between the two doses.
Neznamov & Teleshova, 2009 (trial dose)10 mg (20 mg a day)Twice a day56 daysMild cognitive disorders of vascular or traumatic originCompared with piracetam 400 mg three times a day. The ADDF report and the maker’s site give this dose; the paper itself was not readable.
Amelin et al., 2011 (trial dose)10 mg (20 mg a day)Twice a day, after food2 months30 of 60 patients within a year of an ischemic strokeOpen prospective study; the other 30 were not given noopept.
Mordyk et al., 2009 (trial dose, another use)10 mgTwice a dayFirst month of TB treatment30 of 60 patients with newly diagnosed respiratory tuberculosisGiven to prevent side effects of the TB drugs.
US supplement label, DSLD 69701 (stated regimen)10–30 mgOnce a day“For up to 56 days at a time”Adults; the label excludes anyone under 18A seller’s directions, not a study.
Cohen et al., 2021 (measured amounts)5.1–40.6 mg per recommended serving——10 supplements bought online in 2019The authors give 10 mg as the typical pharmacologic dose.
Dosing Disclaimer

No placebo-controlled trial has tested any of these doses. The label and trial rows come from Russian documents; the last two rows show what US products say and what they were found to contain. None of this is a dosing guide. Always work with a licensed healthcare provider.

What It Is

Noopept is N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester: two amino acids, proline and glycine, with a phenylacetyl group on one end and an ethyl ester on the other (C17H22N2O4, 318.37 Da; FDA substance registry UNII 4QBJ98683M). WHO gave it the international nonproprietary name omberacetam, proposed in 2017 and recommended in 2018, and lists it as a nootropic (WHO, 2017; WHO, 2018). A 2025 structural study notes that it is grouped with the racetams, “although its chemical structure is quite different” from piracetam and the rest of that group (Araj et al., 2025).

It was designed at the Zakusov Institute of Pharmacology in Moscow. Its developers describe turning piracetam into a dipeptide of similar shape, choosing this compound as “the most active and technologically available,” and naming it from “nootropic” and “peptide” (Gudasheva et al., 2018). Their 2002 paper puts its effective doses in animals at a thousandth of piracetam’s (Ostrovskaia et al., 2002). In rats it breaks down partly to cycloprolylglycine, a cyclic dipeptide the same group had found naturally in rat brain, at 2.8 nmol per gram of brain (Gudasheva et al., 1996; Gudasheva et al., 1997).

Noopept 10 mg tablets were registered as a medicine in Russia in May 2006, under the number ЛС-001577 (Ostrovskaya & Gudasheva, 2021). The current registration, ЛП-№(004920)-(РГ-RU), dates from March 20, 2024; the holder is АО «ОТИСИФАРМ», and the label, as Vidal publishes it, lists Ноопепт as dispensed without a prescription (Vidal, 2026). The maker’s site says that, per Russia’s drug register on March 19, 2025, Noopept is the only product there with the name omberacetam (maker’s site, noopept.ru).

Outside Russia it is not an approved medicine in the US, the EU or Australia (see Legal Status). In the US it is sold online as powder and capsules and inside supplements: the NIH’s supplement label database holds 41 labels that list it, from single-ingredient 10 mg capsules to pre-workout powders (NIH label database). PubMed returns 115 records for noopept, omberacetam or GVS-111 (September 29, 2026).

Mechanism of Action

Every finding below comes from cells, brain slices or animals, and most of the papers have authors from the institute that developed the drug. None was measured in people.

  • Prodrug and metabolite (cycloprolylglycine) — One hour after an injection in rats, noopept itself was below detection in the brain while cycloprolylglycine had risen 2.5-fold; the authors called noopept a prodrug (Gudasheva et al., 1997). They later wrote that it “should be considered not only as a prodrug of cyclo(Pro-Gly) but also has its own activity” (Gudasheva et al., 2018).
  • Binding sites — Radiolabelled noopept showed two classes of specific binding sites, with dissociation constants of 6.85 × 10−7 M and 7.69 × 10−4 M; the paper does not name a receptor for them (Gudasheva et al., 2018).
  • HIF-1 (hypoxia-inducible factor 1) — Of nine transcription factors tested in HEK293 cells, noopept at 10 µM raised the DNA-binding activity of HIF-1 only; piracetam at 1 mM changed none. In computer docking, noopept fitted the active site of prolyl hydroxylase 2, and the authors propose this “HIF-positive effect” as the primary mechanism (Vakhitova et al., 2016). A 2020 study in SH-SY5Y cells points to inhibition of HIF-1 prolyl hydroxylase (Zainullina et al., 2020).
  • Neurotrophins (NGF, BDNF) — In rats, one dose raised NGF and BDNF mRNA in the hippocampus while cortex levels fell below control; after 28 days the hippocampal effect was, in the authors’ word, potentiated, and cortex BDNF rose slightly (Ostrovskaya et al., 2008). An outside group that gave 0.5 mg/kg for 14 days to young rats, with and without diabetes, found no difference among its groups in hippocampal NGF or BDNF (Gürbüz et al., 2019).
  • Acetylcholine (α7 nicotinic receptors) — In rat hippocampal slices, noopept at 1 µM increased the frequency of spontaneous inhibitory currents in CA1 pyramidal cells, through the inhibitory interneurons that end on them (Kondratenko et al., 2010). At 5 µM it raised interneuron firing, and the α7 nicotinic-receptor blockers α-bungarotoxin and methyllycaconitine almost abolished the effect (Kondratenko et al., 2022).
  • Glutamate receptors and ion channels — Noopept competed for AMPA-receptor binding sites in rat brain with an IC50 of 80 µM, an order of magnitude weaker than the nootropic nooglutil (Firstova et al., 2011). In snail neurons, 0.1–2 µM suppressed calcium and potassium currents in some or most of the cells tested (Solntseva et al., 1997).
  • Oxidative stress — In cultured human cortical neurons exposed to hydrogen peroxide, noopept improved survival with an IC50 of 1.21 µM, and protected better than piracetam, vitamin E and two other antioxidants (Pelsman et al., 2003).

What the Research Shows

The results below are in animals and cells. The human studies are in the next section.

  • Absorption in animals — In rats, noopept taken by mouth crossed from the gut into the blood and into the brain unchanged (Boiko et al., 2000). The developers’ review gives a plasma peak at 10 minutes and a half-life of 0.12 h after an oral dose in rats; after an intravenous dose, brain levels ran about twice blood levels (Ostrovskaya & Gudasheva, 2021).
  • Memory in rodents — Given by mouth to rats at 0.5–10 mg/kg, noopept kept the anti-amnesic effect seen with injections (Ostrovskaya et al., 2001).
  • Alzheimer’s-type models — In mice with the olfactory bulbs removed, 0.01 mg/kg for 21 days, plus 5 days of training, restored spatial memory in the water maze (Ostrovskaya et al., 2007). In rats given β-amyloid(25–35) into the basal nuclei, 0.5 mg/kg for 7 days beforehand “completely prevented” the memory deficit (Ostrovskaya, Belnik & Storozheva, 2008).
  • Stroke models — After a photochemical stroke in rats, 0.5 mg/kg a day intravenously for 9 days eased the memory deficit and reduced the infarct volume (Ostrovskaya et al., 1999). After middle cerebral artery occlusion, damage covered 12.2% of the hemisphere with noopept against 18.6% with saline, 34.5% less (Gavrilova et al., 2006).
  • Cells — Noopept protected PC12 cells from β-amyloid(25–35), with less apoptosis and less tau phosphorylation at Ser396 (Ostrovskaya et al., 2014). In a Swedish lab, it sped the clumping of toxic α-synuclein oligomers into larger fibrils and protected neuroblastoma cells from them (Jia et al., 2011). It did not make cells divide in two cell lines (Zainullina et al., 2019).
  • An outside test — A Turkish group studied 60 young rats in six groups, three of them given noopept at 0.5 mg/kg for 14 days: spatial learning did not differ among the groups, although blood sugar was lower in the diabetic rats given noopept (Gürbüz et al., 2019).
  • A retraction — A 2021 paper on noopept in rats with inflammatory pain was retracted three months after publication, at the editors’ request, after concerns that images had been reused (Taghizadeh et al., 2021).
Research Limitations — Mostly One Lab, All Preclinical

The Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation’s review of noopept says that “almost all studies have been conducted in a single laboratory that used non-standard animal models and outcome measures” (ADDF, 2020). Most papers above share authors from the Zakusov Institute, which developed the drug. An independent study that measured spatial learning and hippocampal NGF and BDNF in young rats found no difference among its groups (Gürbüz et al., 2019). None of these results was tested in people.

Human Data

No placebo-controlled trial of noopept for memory turned up on PubMed, and no trial of it is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (both searched September 29, 2026). The published human data are Russian:

  • Phase 1–2 study, 40 patients (Neznamov et al., 2007) — 15 or 30 mg a day for 28 days in 20 patients after head injury (mean age 31.6) and 20 with vascular brain disease (mean age 60.1), with no control group. Scores on three cognitive scales improved from baseline; the MMSE, for example, went from 28.45 to 29.85 by day 28. Blood pressure rose in 9 patients on 30 mg and 5 on 15 mg; in 4 on 30 mg it stayed raised through the course and was judged probably drug-related. Seven had brief worsening of night sleep.
  • Noopept against piracetam (Neznamov & Teleshova, 2009) — The main comparative trial, published in Russian in 2008 and in English in 2009. The paper was not readable for this page (PubMed carries no abstract, and the publisher’s page would not load), so the details come from three summaries that do not fully agree. The maker’s site lists 53 patients on noopept, 37 with vascular disease aged over 50 and 16 after head injury aged 18–60, at 20 mg a day for 56 days, May 2005 to February 2006 (maker’s site, noopept.ru). A 2026 expert-council resolution describes a randomized multicenter comparison with 150 patients: pronounced improvement on the Clinical Global Impression scale in 90% on noopept, noopept ahead of piracetam on that scale, and adverse events in 25% on noopept against 55% on piracetam (Tkacheva et al., 2026). The ADDF calls it open-label, with noopept 10 mg twice a day against piracetam 400 mg three times a day, and lists sleep disturbance in 5 of 31, irritability in 3 of 31 and raised blood pressure in 7 of 31 (ADDF, 2020).
  • EEG (Bochkarev et al., 2008) — In patients with post-traumatic or vascular cognitive and asthenic complaints, noopept increased alpha and beta power and reduced delta power, changes the authors call characteristic of nootropics.
  • After stroke (Amelin et al., 2011) — An open prospective study of 60 patients within a year of an ischemic stroke: 30 took 10 mg twice a day for 2 months and 30 were not given noopept. MMSE scores rose in both groups, significantly more in the noopept group, which also improved on a category-naming test; clock drawing did not differ between the groups.
  • Against two other drugs (Dadasheva et al., 2022) — 150 patients over 50 with vascular cognitive impairment short of dementia were randomized to noopept 10 mg twice a day, piracetam with cinnarizine, or aminophenylbutyric acid (phenibut) for 45 days, on top of their usual treatment; the authors call it an observational study, and there was no placebo group. MoCA scores went from 19.8 to 23.3 on noopept, and from 21.4 to 23.2 and 22.6 to 23.7 on the other two drugs. In the first days, five patients on noopept had a slight rise in blood pressure and three had headaches. The article was sponsored by Otcpharm («Отисифарм»), the name on the Russian registration (Vidal, 2026).
  • Other Russian studies — The 2026 resolution tabulates 12 Russian clinical studies of 20 to 360 patients; only the piracetam comparison is described there as randomized, and none as placebo-controlled. Its authors, who include a researcher from the Zakusov Institute, declare no external funding and no conflicts, and call further multicenter randomized studies necessary (Tkacheva et al., 2026).
  • Other uses — In 60 patients starting tuberculosis treatment, the 30 given 10 mg twice a day for the first month had fewer neurotoxic and cardiotoxic reactions to the TB drugs (Mordyk et al., 2009). In a climate chamber, 127 healthy men aged 20–24 were tested in cold, in heat and at simulated altitude on three days; one group took noopept 0.1 mg as nose drops 30 minutes before each test, and a placebo group took saline drops or starch capsules. The authors report that noopept acted positively on “a psychological component of the functional state” and write that it can be used to adapt quickly to cold and hot climates (Shabanov et al., 2007).
  • Pharmacokinetics in people — Noopept was eliminated more slowly in people than in rats or rabbits, with “considerable individual variability”; no metabolites were found in human plasma, which the authors put down to the small dose (Boiko et al., 2004). The Russian label gives a plasma half-life of 0.38 h, a peak at about 15 minutes and a relative bioavailability of 99.7%, without saying in which species these were measured (Vidal, 2026).

Only the climate-chamber study had a placebo group, and it did not test memory. The evidence meter on the Noopept card reads “Human pilots”: it counts published human data on noopept itself, for memory, and none of those studies had a placebo arm or is described as blinded.

Reconstitution & Storage

There is nothing to reconstitute: the registered form is a 10 mg tablet taken by mouth (Vidal, 2026), and the products documented in the US are capsules and powders (FDA warning letter, 2022; NIH label database). One Russian volunteer study dissolved it in saline for nose drops (Shabanov et al., 2007).

  • Storage (Russian label) — The label gives a dry place, protected from light and out of the reach of children, at no more than 25 °C, and a shelf life of 3 years (Vidal, 2026).
  • US products — One single-ingredient 10 mg capsule label reads “Store at room temperature with lid tightly closed” (NIH label database). No document read for this page gives storage or stability data for bulk noopept powder.
  • What a product contains — Supplements tested in the US held 5.1 to 40.6 mg per serving, and 9 of 12 declared drug quantities were inaccurate (Cohen et al., 2021).

Side Effects & Risks

What This Page Cannot Tell You

What is in a product bought outside a Russian pharmacy. In ten supplements bought online in the US in 2019, omberacetam ranged from 5.1 to 40.6 mg per serving, two products held drugs not on their labels (aniracetam, phenibut, picamilon), and three quarters of declared drug quantities were wrong (Cohen et al., 2021). European and Australian medicines labs found noopept sold as bulk raw material of up to 100% purity (Vanhee et al., 2025).

  • Blood pressure — The label says blood pressure may rise in patients with arterial hypertension, mainly severe hypertension (Vidal, 2026). In the 40-patient study it rose in 14 patients, and stayed raised in 4 on 30 mg a day; the rises occurred in patients with hypertension or marked vascular-autonomic disorders (Neznamov et al., 2007).
  • Allergy — The label lists possible allergic reactions (Vidal, 2026).
  • Sleep and irritability — Seven of 40 patients had brief worsening of night sleep (Neznamov et al., 2007). For the piracetam comparison, the ADDF lists sleep disturbance in 5 of 31 and irritability in 3 of 31 (ADDF, 2020). The label says not to take it later than 6 pm (Vidal, 2026).
  • Who the label excludes — Severe liver or kidney impairment, pregnancy, breastfeeding, anyone under 18, lactase deficiency, lactose intolerance or glucose-galactose malabsorption (the tablets contain lactose), and hypersensitivity to the ingredients (Vidal, 2026).
  • Withdrawal — The label says no withdrawal syndrome is seen when it is stopped and that it does not cause drug dependence (Vidal, 2026).
  • Animal toxicology — Rabbits given 10 or 100 mg/kg by mouth for 6 months showed no irreversible changes and no allergenic, immunotoxic or mutagenic activity (Kovalenko et al., 2002). The developers’ review adds reversible changes in liver tissue at 100 mg/kg over 180 days (Ostrovskaya & Gudasheva, 2021).
  • Drug interactions — The label says no interaction has been established with alcohol, sleeping pills, blood-pressure drugs or stimulants (Vidal, 2026). In liver cells, noopept raised two drug transporters (OATP1B1 and OATP1B3) at 500 µM and cut atorvastatin uptake at 100–500 µM; by FDA’s Cmax/IC50 approach the authors judged this clinically insignificant (Erokhina et al., 2023). In mice, five weeks of noopept strengthened the anticonvulsant effect of valproate (Kravchenko et al., 2009). Supplements combine it with other unapproved drugs in combinations never tested in humans (Cohen et al., 2021).
  • Growth signals — Because noopept raises growth factors in animal studies, its developers tested whether it makes cells divide; in two cell lines it did not (Zainullina et al., 2019).
  • WADA — Not named on the 2026 Prohibited List. The List names one racetam, fonturacetam (4-phenylpiracetam), under S6 stimulants; noopept is a different molecule. Class S0 covers unnamed substances “with no current approval by any governmental regulatory health authority for human therapeutic use”; noopept is registered as a medicine in Russia (WADA, 2026).

Bloodwork & Monitoring

No document read for this page gives monitoring guidance for noopept beyond the label’s cautions. The documents measured or name these:

  • Blood pressure — The label notes rises in patients with hypertension (Vidal, 2026). In the 40-patient study, 11 patients were given captopril at times for high blood pressure (Neznamov et al., 2007).
  • Liver and kidney function — The label excludes severe liver or kidney impairment (Vidal, 2026). No study read for this page reports liver or kidney tests in people taking noopept.
  • Memory and attention scores — The Russian studies measured the MMSE, the Brief Cognitive Rating Scale, the Jacobs cognitive screening exam, the Clinical Global Impression scale and EEG (Neznamov et al., 2007; Bochkarev et al., 2008).
  • Which tests fit a given person — A question for a licensed healthcare provider. This page can’t answer it.

Commonly Stacked With

No study has tested noopept together with any compound on this site. These are the combinations the documents show, recorded as documented.

Other unapproved nootropic drugs (supplement blends)

Labels list noopept 15 mg per capsule with adrafinil and phenylpiracetam, or 30 mg per three capsules with oxiracetam, adrafinil, phenylpiracetam and vinpocetine (NIH label database). Tested products combined it with phenibut and aniracetam, or with aniracetam, vinpocetine and picamilon (Cohen et al., 2021).

Pre-workout stimulants

One pre-workout label lists noopept 30 mg per scoop beside caffeine 350 mg and higenamine 75 mg; another puts it in an “energy and focus” blend with caffeine, synephrine and yohimbine, amounts not given (NIH label database).

Forskolin (rats only)

An intranasal forskolin-and-noopept formulation, CNS/CT-001, reversed motor symptoms and dopamine-neuron loss in PINK1-knockout rats. Two authors co-founded the company developing it (Dagda et al., 2022).

Legal Status

Current Status — September 2026

Not FDA-approved; not on FDA’s 503A lists. Drugs@FDA holds no application for noopept or omberacetam (openFDA, searched September 29, 2026). It is not on the 503A bulks list (21 CFR 216.23), which names piracetam among the substances FDA decided not to include, and it is not on FDA’s 503A categories list (updated May 14, 2026).

FDA has written to sellers. A 2019 warning letter to Peak Nootropics quoted its page, “Noopept is being investigated as a possible treatment for Alzheimer’s,” and a 2022 letter to Crystal Clear Supplements quoted its “Noopept Powder” page; both said the products were new drugs sold without FDA approval (FDA warning letters, 2019 and 2022). FDA’s NDC Directory lists omberacetam bulk powder from one labeler, Qingdao Biopeptek Co., Ltd. (NDC 73212-200 and 73212-202, listed through December 31, 2026); FDA says inclusion in the directory “does not indicate that FDA has verified the information provided or that the products are FDA-approved” (FDA NDC Directory).

Russia: a registered medicine, 10 mg tablets, dispensed without a prescription (Vidal, 2026). EU and Australia: “not authorised for human use by any health authority in the countries where the molecule was found” (Vanhee et al., 2025).

WADA does not name noopept or omberacetam on its 2026 Prohibited List (Prohibited List 2026; see Side Effects & Risks).

No clinical trial of noopept is registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (searched for noopept, omberacetam and GVS-111, September 29, 2026).

Cost & Access

In Russia, Noopept 10 mg tablets, 50 to a pack, are registered to АО «ОТИСИФАРМ», made by АО «ОТИСИФАРМ ПРО» or ОАО «ФАРМСТАНДАРТ-ЛЕКСРЕДСТВА», and dispensed without a prescription (Vidal, 2026). In the US, sellers offer it as powder (FDA warning letter, 2022) and in capsules, and the NIH label database lists 41 supplement labels with it, 12 marked off the market. European and Australian medicines labs found it sold as supplements, falsified medicines and bulk raw material; among the racetams it was the one they detected most often (Vanhee et al., 2025).

Pricing and availability vary and are set by the seller. Kalios does not sell compounds.

References

  1. World Health Organization. Proposed International Nonproprietary Names: List 117. WHO Drug Information. 2017;31(2). Omberacetam: “ethyl 1-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycinate,” nootropic, C17H22N2O4. cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/international-nonproprietary-names-(inn)/pl117.pdf. Read September 29, 2026.
  2. World Health Organization. Recommended International Nonproprietary Names: List 79. WHO Drug Information. 2018;32(1). Omberacetam. cdn.who.int/media/docs/default-source/international-nonproprietary-names-(inn)/rl79.pdf. Read September 29, 2026.
  3. FDA. Global Substance Registration System: Omberacetam, UNII 4QBJ98683M (synonyms GVS-111, Noopept, N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester; C17H22N2O4, 318.37). gsrs.ncats.nih.gov. Read September 29, 2026.
  4. Vidal Russia. Ноопепт® (Noopept) tablets 10 mg: instructions for use, based on the official label (registration ЛП-№(004920)-(РГ-RU) of March 20, 2024; earlier ЛС-001577). Updated May 28, 2026. vidal.ru/drugs/noopept. Read September 29, 2026.
  5. АО «Отисифарм Про». О препарате Ноопепт (About Noopept), with its source notes on the Neznamov & Teleshova trial and the Russian drug register. noopept.ru/about/. Read September 29, 2026.
  6. Ostrovskaya RU, Gudasheva TA. Dipeptide drug Noopept: design, pharmacological properties and mechanism of action (Дипептидный препарат ноопепт: дизайн, фармакологические свойства и механизм действия). Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2021;84(2):41-52. ekf.folium.ru/index.php/ekf/article/view/2925. Read September 29, 2026. (Registration in May 2006, number ЛС-001577; animal pharmacokinetics and toxicology.)
  7. Gudasheva TA, Ostrovskaya RU, Seredenin SB. Novel Technologies for Dipeptide Drugs Design and their Implantation. Curr Pharm Des. 2018;24(26):3020-3027. PMID: 30295186.
  8. Ostrovskaia RU, Gudasheva TA, Voronina TA, Seredenin SB. [The original novel nootropic and neuroprotective agent noopept]. Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2002;65(5):66-72. PMID: 12596521.
  9. Araj SK, Szeleszczuk Ł, Gubica T, Zielińska-Pisklak M, et al. Physicochemical and structural analysis of N-phenylacetyl-L-prolylglycine ethyl ester (Noopept) - An active pharmaceutical ingredient with nootropic activity. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2025;252:116474. PMID: 39298839.
  10. Gudasheva TA, Boyko SS, Akparov VKh, Ostrovskaya RU, et al. Identification of a novel endogenous memory facilitating cyclic dipeptide cyclo-prolylglycine in rat brain. FEBS Lett. 1996;391(1-2):149-152. PMID: 8706904.
  11. Gudasheva TA, Boyko SS, Ostrovskaya RU, Voronina TA, et al. The major metabolite of dipeptide piracetam analogue GVS-111 in rat brain and its similarity to endogenous neuropeptide cyclo-L-prolylglycine. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet. 1997;22(3):245-252. PMID: 9358206.
  12. Boiko SS, Ostrovskaya RU, Zherdev VP, Korotkov SA, et al. Pharmacokinetics of new nootropic acylprolyldipeptide and its penetration across the blood-brain barrier after oral administration. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2000;129(4):359-361. PMID: 10977920.
  13. Boĭko SS, Korotkov SA, Zherdev VP, Gudasheva TA, et al. [Interspecies differences of noopept pharmacokinetics]. Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2004;67(1):40-43. PMID: 15079908.
  14. Ostrovskaya RU, Mirsoev TK, Romanova GA, Gudasheva TA, et al. Proline-containing dipeptide GVS-111 retains nootropic activity after oral administration. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2001;132(4):959-962. PMID: 11782792.
  15. Solntseva EI, Bukanova JV, Ostrovskaya RU, Gudasheva TA, et al. The effects of piracetam and its novel peptide analogue GVS-111 on neuronal voltage-gated calcium and potassium channels. Gen Pharmacol. 1997;29(1):85-89. PMID: 9195198.
  16. Ostrovskaya RU, Romanova GA, Barskov IV, Shanina EV, et al. Memory restoring and neuroprotective effects of the proline-containing dipeptide, GVS-111, in a photochemical stroke model. Behav Pharmacol. 1999;10(5):549-553. PMID: 10780261.
  17. Pelsman A, Hoyo-Vadillo C, Gudasheva TA, Seredenin SB, Ostrovskaya RU, Busciglio J. GVS-111 prevents oxidative damage and apoptosis in normal and Down’s syndrome human cortical neurons. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2003;21(3):117-124. PMID: 12711349.
  18. Gavrilova SA, Us KS, Ostrovskaia RU, Koshelev VB. [Neuroprotective activity of the proline-containing dipeptide noopept on the model of brain ischemia induced by the middle cerebral artery occlusion]. Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2006;69(4):16-18. PMID: 16995431.
  19. Ostrovskaya RU, Gruden MA, Bobkova NA, Sewell RD, et al. The nootropic and neuroprotective proline-containing dipeptide noopept restores spatial memory and increases immunoreactivity to amyloid in an Alzheimer’s disease model. J Psychopharmacol. 2007;21(6):611-619. PMID: 17092975.
  20. Ostrovskaya RU, Gudasheva TA, Zaplina AP, Vahitova JV, et al. Noopept stimulates the expression of NGF and BDNF in rat hippocampus. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2008;146(3):334-337. PMID: 19240853.
  21. Ostrovskaya RU, Belnik AP, Storozheva ZI. Noopept efficiency in experimental Alzheimer disease (cognitive deficiency caused by beta-amyloid25-35 injection into Meynert basal nuclei of rats). Bull Exp Biol Med. 2008;146(1):77-80. PMID: 19145356.
  22. Kondratenko RV, Derevyagin VI, Skrebitsky VG. Novel nootropic dipeptide Noopept increases inhibitory synaptic transmission in CA1 pyramidal cells. Neurosci Lett. 2010;476(2):70-73. PMID: 20382202.
  23. Firstova IuIu, Vasil’eva EV, Kovalev GI. [Studying specific effects of nootropic drugs on glutamate receptors in the rat brain]. Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2011;74(1):6-10. PMID: 21476267.
  24. Skrebitskiĭ VG, Kondratenko RV, Povarov IS, Dereviagin VI. [Peptidergic modulation of the hippocampus synaptic activity]. Ross Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova. 2011;97(11):1169-1178. PMID: 22390072.
  25. Jia X, Gharibyan AL, Öhman A, Liu Y, et al. Neuroprotective and nootropic drug noopept rescues α-synuclein amyloid cytotoxicity. J Mol Biol. 2011;414(5):699-712. PMID: 21986202.
  26. Vasil’eva EV, Salimov RM, Kovalev GI. [Effects of nootropic drugs on behavior of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice in the exploratory cross-maze test]. Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2012;75(7):3-7. PMID: 23025044.
  27. Ostrovskaya RU, Vakhitova YV, Kuzmina USh, Salimgareeva MKh, et al. Neuroprotective effect of novel cognitive enhancer noopept on AD-related cellular model involves the attenuation of apoptosis and tau hyperphosphorylation. J Biomed Sci. 2014;21(1):74. PMID: 25096780.
  28. Vakhitova YV, Sadovnikov SV, Borisevich SS, Ostrovskaya RU, et al. Molecular Mechanism Underlying the Action of Substituted Pro-Gly Dipeptide Noopept. Acta Naturae. 2016;8(1):82-89. PMID: 27099787.
  29. Zainullina LF, Ivanova TV, Ostrovskaya RU, Gudasheva TA, et al. Drug with Neuroprotective Properties Noopept Does Not Stimulate Cell Proliferation. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2019;166(4):466-468. PMID: 30788746.
  30. Gürbüz P, Düzova H, Yildiz A, Çakan P, et al. Effects of noopept on cognitive functions and pubertal process in rats with diabetes. Life Sci. 2019;233:116698. PMID: 31356906.
  31. Zainullina LF, Ivanova TV, Sadovnikov SV, Vakhitova YV, Seredenin SB. Cognitive Enhancer Noopept Activates Transcription Factor HIF-1. Dokl Biochem Biophys. 2020;494(1):256-260. PMID: 33119829.
  32. Kondratenko RV, Povarov IS, Kolbaev SN, Derevyagin VI, et al. Effect of nootropic dipeptide noopept on CA1 pyramidal neurons involves α7AChRs on interneurons in hippocampal slices from rat. Neurosci Lett. 2022;790:136898. PMID: 36195298.
  33. Dagda RK, Dagda RY, Vazquez-Mayorga E, Martinez B, Gallahue A. Intranasal Administration of Forskolin and Noopept Reverses Parkinsonian Pathology in PINK1 Knockout Rats. Int J Mol Sci. 2022;24(1):690. PMID: 36614135.
  34. Kravchenko EV, Ponteleeva IV, Trofimov SS, Lapa VI, et al. [The original nootropic and neuroprotective drug noopept potentiates the anticonvulsant activity of valproate in mice]. Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2009;72(6):15-17. PMID: 20095393.
  35. Kovalenko LP, Smol’nikova NM, Alekseeva SV, Nemova EP, et al. [Preclinical study of noopept toxicity]. Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2002;65(1):62-64. PMID: 12025790.
  36. Erokhina PD, Abalenikhina YV, Mylnikov PY, Petrov AV, et al. The Effect of Original Russian Neurotropic Drugs on Organic Anion Transporting Polypeptides OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2023;176(2):170-175. PMID: 38198100.
  37. Taghizadeh M, Maghsoudi N, Manaheji H, Akparov V, et al. Retraction notice to “Noopept; a nootropic dipeptide, modulates persistent inflammation by effecting spinal microglia dependent Brain Derived Neurotropic Factor (BDNF) and pro-BDNF expression throughout apoptotic process” [Heliyon (2021) e06219]. Heliyon. 2021;7(5):e06981. PMID: 34041381.
  38. Neznamov GG, Teleshova ES, Syunyakov SA, Bochkarev VK, Davydova IA. Results of a clinical study of the new peptide drug Noopept in patients with psychoorganic disorders (in Russian). Psikhiatriya i psikhofarmakoterapiya im. P. B. Gannushkina. 2007;(2):33-37. Full text at con-med.ru. Read September 29, 2026.
  39. Neznamov GG, Teleshova ES. Comparative studies of Noopept and piracetam in the treatment of patients with mild cognitive disorders in organic brain diseases of vascular and traumatic origin. Neurosci Behav Physiol. 2009;39(3):311-321. PMID: 19234797. (English version of the 2008 Russian paper; no abstract on PubMed; full text not read.)
  40. Bochkarev VK, Teleshova ES, Siuniakov SA, Davydova DV, Neznamov GG. [Clinical and electroencephalographic characteristic of noopept in patients with mild cognitive impairment of posttraumatic and vascular origin]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2008;108(11):47-54. PMID: 19008801.
  41. Mordyk AV, Lysov AV, Kondria AV, Gol’dzon MA, Khlebova NV. [Prevention of neuro- and cardiotoxic side effects of tuberculosis chemotherapy with noopept]. Klin Med (Mosk). 2009;87(5):59-62. PMID: 19565831.
  42. Shabanov PD, Ganapol’skiĭ VP, Aleksandrov PV. [Meteoadaptogenic properties of peptide drugs in healthy volunteers]. Eksp Klin Farmakol. 2007;70(6):41-47. PMID: 18318195. (Full text at ekf.folium.ru/index.php/ekf/article/view/964, read September 29, 2026: the placebo group, the 0.1 mg nose drops and the 127 volunteers are in its Methods.)
  43. Amelin AV, Iliukhina AIu, Shmonin AA. [Noopept in the treatment of mild cognitive impairment in patients with stroke]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova. 2011;111(10 Pt 1):44-46. PMID: 22500312. (Full text at mediasphera.ru, read September 29, 2026.)
  44. Dadasheva MN, Gorenkov RV, Kruglov VA, Dadasheva KN, Lebedeva DI. Possibilities nootropic drugs in non-demented patients with vascular cognitive disorders (in Russian). Neurology, Neuropsychiatry, Psychosomatics. 2022;14(2):49-55. DOI: 10.14412/2074-2711-2022-2-49-55. (Full text at nnp.ima-press.net, read September 29, 2026.)
  45. Alzheimer’s Drug Discovery Foundation. Noopept. Cognitive Vitality Reports (PDF created June 2020). alzdiscovery.org/uploads/cognitive_vitality_media/Noopept-Cognitive-Vitality-For-Researchers.pdf. Read September 29, 2026.
  46. Tkacheva ON, Drapkina OM, Berns SA, et al. Potential uses of omberacetam (Noopept©) in the early prevention and management of cognitive impairment. Russian Journal of Geriatric Medicine. 2026;1(25):115-123. DOI: 10.37586/2686-8636-1-2026-115-123.
  47. Cohen PA, Avula B, Wang YH, Zakharevich I, Khan I. Five Unapproved Drugs Found in Cognitive Enhancement Supplements. Neurol Clin Pract. 2021;11(3):e303-e307. PMID: 34484905.
  48. Vanhee C, Deconinck E, George M, Hansen A, et al. The Occurrence of Illicit Smart Drugs or Nootropics in Europe and Australia and Their Associated Dangers: Results from a Market Surveillance Study by 12 Official Medicines Control Laboratories. J Xenobiot. 2025;15(3):88. PMID: 40558871.
  49. NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Dietary Supplement Label Database: search “noopept” (41 labels, 12 marked off the market); labels 69701 (Noopept, DNA Anabolics), 216057 (Noopept 10 mg, Absorb Health), 228495 (Intellect, 8WeeksOut), 318240 (Absolute Focus, Bright Brain), 171982 (Dust Extreme, Blackstone Labs) and 209979 (Charged-AF, Steel). api.ods.od.nih.gov/dsld/v9. Read September 29, 2026.
  50. FDA. Warning letter to Peak Nootropics LLC aka Advanced Nootropics, MARCS-CMS 557887 (letter dated February 4, 2019). fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/peak-nootropics-llc-aka-advanced-nootropics-557887-02052019. Read September 29, 2026.
  51. FDA. Warning letter to Crystal Clear Supplements, MARCS-CMS 620285, February 4, 2022. fda.gov/inspections-compliance-enforcement-and-criminal-investigations/warning-letters/crystal-clear-supplements-620285-02042022. Read September 29, 2026.
  52. FDA. National Drug Code Directory: NDC 73212-200 (“Noopept”) and 73212-202 (“Omberacetam”), bulk ingredient, Qingdao Biopeptek Co., Ltd. (openFDA NDC endpoint, api.fda.gov/drug/ndc.json); and “About the NDC directory,” fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/national-drug-code-directory. Read September 29, 2026.
  53. Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 216.23, Bulk drug substances that can be used to compound drug products in accordance with section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. ecfr.gov. Read September 29, 2026.
  54. FDA. Bulk Drug Substances Nominated for Use in Compounding Under Section 503A of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (categories 1–3). Updated May 14, 2026. fda.gov/media/94155/download.
  55. World Anti-Doping Agency. Prohibited List 2026 (in effect January 1, 2026). S0, Non-approved substances; S6, Stimulants. wada-ama.org.
  56. Searches of September 29, 2026: PubMed, “noopept OR omberacetam OR GVS-111” (115 records) and the same with “placebo OR randomized OR randomised OR double-blind” (4 records, all animal studies); ClinicalTrials.gov, “noopept,” “omberacetam” and “GVS-111” (no records); openFDA Drugs@FDA, “noopept” and “omberacetam” (no match).

Last updated: September 29, 2026  |  Profile authored by Kalios Peptides research team

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