Clomiphene

Dosing from the Literature

Published for low testosterone: 25 or 50 mg by mouth, daily, every other day or three days a week, in men’s trials and clinic series; the AUA guideline’s table lists 25–50 mg every 1–2 days. Not published: an FDA-approved dose for men; the label’s 50–100 mg a day for 5 days is for ovulation.

The only approved dose is the label’s, for ovulation in women. For men, the table records the doses that trials and clinic series used and the regimen in the American Urological Association (AUA) guideline’s table, as each document gives them, with one forum analysis of what steroid users reported taking. None of them is a recommendation.

What It Is

Clomiphene citrate is an oral, nonsteroidal drug that its label calls an “ovulatory stimulant.” The label’s one indication is “the treatment of ovulatory dysfunction in women desiring pregnancy,” starting at 50 mg a day for five days per course (Clomid label). Drugs@FDA records the first application, Clomid (NDA 016131), as approved on February 1, 1967. It is not a peptide.

It is two molecules in one tablet. The label: “Clomiphene citrate is a mixture of two geometric isomers [cis (zuclomiphene) and trans (enclomiphene)] containing between 30% and 50% of the cis-isomer.” The label adds that “Some data suggest that zuclomiphene has greater estrogenic activity than enclomiphene,” and that zuclomiphene stays in the body longer: after single doses in normal volunteers, “Detectable levels of zuclomiphene persisted for longer than a month in these subjects.” Each isomer has its own page here: Enclomiphene and Zuclomiphene.

Men use it off-label. Clomiphene blocks estrogen’s feedback on the hypothalamus and pituitary, LH rises, and the testes make more of their own testosterone, which is why urologists use it as an alternative to testosterone therapy in men who want to keep their fertility (Mulhall et al., 2018; Katz et al., 2012). The AUA guideline’s table marks it “Not FDA-approved for use in males.” The label itself says: “There are no adequate or well-controlled studies that demonstrate the effectiveness of clomiphene citrate in the treatment of male infertility. In addition, testicular tumors and gynecomastia have been reported in males using clomiphene.” It adds that the cause and effect relationship for the tumors “is not known.”

Where it stands in 2026: Sanofi’s original Clomid application is gone. FDA withdrew its approval at the company’s request as of July 3, 2024, after determining in 2021 that the product had not been withdrawn from sale for reasons of safety or effectiveness (Federal Register, 2021 and 2024). The Clomid brand is still sold, under a generic application (ANDA 075528, Cosette), alongside Milophene and five generic versions approved from November 2024 to May 2026 (Drugs@FDA).

Mechanism of Action

The label and the AUA guideline describe the mechanism; the measurements come from the studies named.

• Estrogen receptors in the hypothalamus and pituitary — The label: clomiphene “is capable of interacting with estrogen-receptor-containing tissues, including the hypothalamus, pituitary, ovary, endometrium, vagina, and cervix. It may compete with estrogen for estrogen-receptor-binding sites and may delay replenishment of intracellular estrogen receptors.” The AUA guideline: SERMs “inhibit the negative feedback of E2 on LH production at the level of the hypothalamus and pituitary gland” (Mulhall et al., 2018).
• LH and FSH rise — “The first endocrine event in response to a course of clomiphene therapy is an increase in the release of pituitary gonadotropins” (Clomid label). In women, the ovarian follicle grows, and “Ovulation most often occurs from 5 to 10 days after a course of clomiphene citrate” (Clomid label). In 12 healthy men taking 50 mg a day for 30 days, mean LH rose 177% and FSH 170% (Miller et al., 2019).
• Testosterone from the testes — In the same 12 men, mean testosterone rose 146% (Miller et al., 2019). Age matters: seven days of clomiphene raised mean total testosterone 100% in young men but 32% in men aged 65 to 84, with similar LH responses; the authors place the difference in the testes (Tenover et al., 1987). In 292 men, a higher starting LH predicted a weaker response (Kim et al., 2026), and the AUA guideline reads low testosterone with high LH on a SERM as a sign that “the patient likely has testicular dysfunction.”
• Estradiol rises too — Estradiol went up on clomiphene in randomized trials (Helo et al., 2015; Soares et al., 2018) and in a 400-man series (Krzastek et al., 2019). In 15 men on long-term treatment, median estradiol went from 17.0 to 34.0 pg/mL (Helo et al., 2017).
• Two isomers, different fates — The label: “The two clomiphene isomers have been found to have mixed estrogenic and antiestrogenic effects, which may vary from one species to another.” After one 50 mg dose in 24 women, the Z (cis) isomer was eliminated much more slowly than the E (trans) isomer, with significant plasma levels up to a month later (Mikkelson et al., 1986). In 15 men taking 25 mg a day for a median 25.9 months, median serum zuclomiphene was 44.0 ng/mL and enclomiphene 2.2 ng/mL, a ratio of 20 to 1 (Helo et al., 2017).
• The isomers in male mice — In a chronic dosing study by Repros Therapeutics scientists, zuclomiphene given alone was associated with “profound effects on Leydig cells, epididymis, seminal vesicles, and kidneys,” while enclomiphene alone had “positive effects on testosterone production and no effects on testicular histology.” The authors conclude that this justifies developing enclomiphene “for clinical use in human males” (Fontenot et al., 2016). This is animal work, by a company whose authors argue for enclomiphene.
• Liver metabolism (CYP2D6) — Clomiphene “is metabolized into its 4-hydroxylated active metabolites, primarily by CYP2D6.” In 22 Korean volunteers given one 50 mg dose, exposure to the active moiety was 2.95 times higher in people with two copies of CYP2D6*10, the most common variant allele in Asians, than in those with none (Kim et al., 2018).

What the Research Shows

Below: the approved use first, then the off-label use in men, grouped by the kind of evidence.

• Ovulation in women (the approved use) — In the label’s clinical investigations, 7,578 patients received clomiphene and about 30% became pregnant; 7.98% of the reported pregnancies were multiple (Clomid label). In 626 women with polycystic ovary syndrome, live births were 22.5% on clomiphene, 7.2% on metformin and 26.8% on both (Legro et al., 2007). In 750 women with the syndrome, letrozole gave more live births than clomiphene, 27.5% vs 19.1% (Legro et al., 2014).
• Testosterone in men: randomized trials — In 17 men with erectile dysfunction and secondary hypogonadism, two months of clomiphene raised LH, FSH and total and free testosterone over placebo, but sexual function did not improve “except for some limited parameters in younger and healthier men” (Guay et al., 1995). In 24 obese men on metformin (21 evaluable), testosterone rose from 3.03 to 5.99 ng/mL over 3 months on 25 mg a day, and not significantly on placebo (Pelusi et al., 2017). In 78 obese men, 50 mg for 12 weeks raised total and free testosterone, estradiol, LH, FSH and SHBG, improved one sexual complaint (weaker erections) and lean mass, and lowered HDL cholesterol (Soares et al., 2018). In 26 hypogonadal infertile men, testosterone rose more on clomiphene 25 mg a day than on anastrozole, with no change in semen or questionnaire scores in either group (Helo et al., 2015). In 282 men, clomiphene, hCG and the two together raised testosterone with no significant difference between groups, from a mean 2.31 to 5.17 nmol/L; symptom scores improved most on the combination (Habous et al., 2018).
• Testosterone in men: clinic series — In 86 men with a mean age of 29, treated for a mean 19 months, mean testosterone and gonadotropins rose and no major side effects were recorded (Katz et al., 2012). In 46 men treated for more than a year, testosterone went from 228 ng/dL at baseline to 612, 562 and 582 ng/dL at 1, 2 and 3 years, and bone density scores improved (Moskovic et al., 2012). Of 120 men treated for more than 3 years at two institutions, 88% reached normal testosterone, 77% reported better symptoms and 8% reported side effects (Krzastek et al., 2019). In 292 men with a median age of 60, 47% met the study’s definition of response within 12 weeks (Kim et al., 2026). In a chart review, 65 men on 50 mg every other day averaged 573 ng/dL on treatment, against 553 ng/dL for 39 men on testosterone gel (Taylor & Levine, 2010). In an age-matched comparison, men on clomiphene reported satisfaction similar to men on testosterone injections or gels, and lower libido than men on injections (Ramasamy et al., 2014). In 54 men in Japan taking 50 mg every other day for up to a year, testosterone stayed raised and aging-symptom scores appeared to decline, but the sexual dysfunction score did not improve significantly (Anno et al., 2026).
• Pooled analyses — Nineteen studies (four randomized, fifteen observational; 1,642 patients): testosterone, free testosterone, LH, FSH, SHBG and estradiol rose, side effects were reported in less than 10% of study populations and no serious adverse events were reported (Huijben et al., 2022). Ten randomized trials of clomiphene or enclomiphene (819 men): total testosterone rose 273.76 ng/dL more than on placebo, with no significant difference from testosterone gel (Hohl et al., 2025). Eleven studies comparing clomiphene with testosterone therapy (1,512 men): no significant difference in testosterone overall, higher levels on injectable testosterone in one study, and lower libido scores on clomiphene in three studies (Constantinou et al., 2026).
• Male infertility — A meta-analysis of 11 randomized trials of clomiphene or tamoxifen in idiopathic male infertility found a higher pregnancy rate than controls, odds ratio 2.42 (95% CI 1.47–3.94) (Chua et al., 2013). The label’s position is the one quoted above: no adequate or well-controlled studies demonstrate effectiveness in male infertility. In some men, sperm counts fall on clomiphene (see Side Effects).
• Healthy men, and doping — In 12 healthy men representing a recreational-athlete population, 50 mg a day for 30 days raised mean testosterone 146%, LH 177% and FSH 170%; the authors conclude it “can be abused as a performance-enhancing drug” (Miller et al., 2019).
• After anabolic steroids — In a retrospective series of 79 men who had used steroids for 6 months or less, hormone levels normalized in all groups by month 6; normal semen at 12 months was recorded in 87.5% on clomiphene plus hCG, 69.2% on clomiphene alone and 58.6% with no treatment (İbis et al., 2026). In a survey of 470 men who use steroids, 56.5% of those who had tried to stop had used post-cycle therapy (Grant et al., 2023).

Human Data

Human data on clomiphene come in three groups: the label’s trials in women, the trials and clinic series in men above, and studies of how the two isomers behave in the body.

• Label trials (women) — 7,578 patients received clomiphene in the clinical investigations behind the label; its adverse-event table covers 8,029 (Clomid label). The two Legro trials are registered as NCT00068861 and NCT00719186.
• Registered trials in men, completed — NCT02380755 (University of São Paulo; 78 men; 50 mg a day or placebo for 12 weeks; completed January 2017; the same size, design and institution as the Soares trial). NCT03933618 (Albany Medical College; 24 men; crossover against anastrozole and placebo; completed March 2017; results posted). NCT01880086 (Weill Cornell; 13 men with low testosterone on long-term opioids; completed November 2017; results posted). NCT01904734 (Phoenix VA; 42 men, with and without prior testosterone treatment; completed October 2018). NCT00697814 (Federal University of São Paulo; 15 men with prolactinomas; 50 mg a day for 12 weeks; completed June 2005).
• Registered trials in men, open — NCT04944836 (University of Utah; Phase 2; 58 men aged 40 to 80 with low sex hormone levels planned; clomiphene 50 mg every other day or placebo for seven months around rotator cuff surgery; recruiting; estimated primary completion July 2028). NCT07523022 (Szeged University; Phase 4; 500 subfertile men planned; clomiphene 50 mg a day or gonadotropins for 12 weeks; enrolling by invitation; estimated primary completion September 2026).
• A planned steroid-recovery pilot — CloTASH, in Oslo: open-label and non-randomized, 16 weeks of clomiphene with testosterone gel for the first four weeks and optional hCG from week 4, in men with steroid dependence who intend to stop (Havnes et al., 2024). The documents read for this page include the protocol, not results.
• Isomer pharmacology — Single-dose kinetics in 24 women (Mikkelson et al., 1986), serum isomer levels in 15 men on long-term treatment (Helo et al., 2017), CYP2D6 genotype in 22 volunteers (Kim et al., 2018), and urinary detection in 12 men (Miller et al., 2019), all described above.

The evidence meter on the clomiphene card reads “Approved drug” because the Hormones & libido group counts an approved therapy on the hormone axis. That approval covers ovulation in women. In men, the evidence is the off-label trials and series above.

Reconstitution & Storage

Clomiphene is an oral tablet. There is nothing to reconstitute and nothing to inject. The table gives the tablet as its label describes it.

• Generic tablets — Each generic carries its own label; the storage above is the Clomid label’s.
• Other forms — None of the documents read for this page gives storage or stability data for compounded capsules or for products sold online.

Side Effects & Risks

Side effects come from the label (mostly women taking it for ovulation), from studies in men, and from reports; numbers are as each source gives them.

• Vision — Visual symptoms in 1.5% of patients in the label’s clinical studies; after approval, reports of “temporary or prolonged loss of vision, possibly irreversible” (Clomid label). In men treated for more than 3 years, 3 of 120 reported blurred vision (Krzastek et al., 2019).
• Mood — Post-approval reports of anxiety, irritability, mood changes and psychosis (Clomid label). In men: mood changes in 5 of 120 (Krzastek et al., 2019) and anxiety or irritability in 5 of 51 on clomiphene with anastrozole (Alder et al., 2018). At one academic center, in men switched from clomiphene to enclomiphene, decreased libido, reduced energy and mood changes were documented less often on enclomiphene (Saffati et al., 2024).
• Breasts and estradiol — Gynecomastia has been reported in men (Clomid label); breast tenderness in 2 of 120 men (Krzastek et al., 2019). Estradiol rises on treatment (see Mechanism).
• Libido — Pooled across three studies (199 men), libido scores were lower on clomiphene than on testosterone therapy (Constantinou et al., 2026); decreased libido in 4 of 51 men on clomiphene with anastrozole (Alder et al., 2018).
• Sperm counts can fall — Across 11 studies reporting adverse effects on semen (384 men), 19%, 21%, 17% and 24% of men had a fall in sperm count, concentration, motility and total motile count, and in up to 17% the fall did not recover after stopping (Gundewar et al., 2021).
• Cholesterol and triglycerides — HDL cholesterol fell in the 78-man trial (Soares et al., 2018). The label reports cases of high triglycerides, some with pancreatitis, with higher risk in people with a personal or family history of hyperlipidemia and with higher-than-recommended doses or longer treatment.
• IGF-1 — In 20 men on clomiphene, IGF-1 fell in 15, and in 2 it fell to more than 2 standard deviations below the age- and sex-matched mean (Mogar et al., 2025).
• Blood clots — Post-approval reports include pulmonary embolism, phlebitis and thrombophlebitis; in women with severe ovarian hyperstimulation, “Death due to hypovolemic shock, hemoconcentration, or thromboembolism has occurred” (Clomid label).
• Liver — Contraindicated in liver disease or a history of liver dysfunction; post-approval reports of raised transaminases and hepatitis (Clomid label).
• Testicular tumors — Reported in men using clomiphene; the label says the cause and effect relationship “is not known.”
• Red blood cells — In a retrospective comparison, polycythemia was recorded in 1.7% of 188 men on clomiphene and 11.2% of 175 on testosterone (Wheeler et al., 2017); hematocrit above 54% in 2 of 51 men on clomiphene with anastrozole (Alder et al., 2018).
• Compared with testosterone in records — In US veterans’ records (2,518 propensity-matched patients per group), new hypertension, stroke, coronary artery disease, polycythemia and osteoporosis, and all-cause mortality (1.83% vs 10.13%), were all recorded less often after clomiphene than after testosterone (Tadisina et al., 2026). It is a records study, not a trial.
• Women — Ovarian enlargement in 13.6% and hot flushes in 10.4% of patients in the label’s studies; ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, which “may progress rapidly”; multiple pregnancy; contraindicated in pregnancy; and “Prolonged use of clomiphene citrate tablets USP may increase the risk of a borderline or invasive ovarian tumor” (Clomid label).
• Drug interactions — “Drug interactions with clomiphene citrate have not been documented” (Clomid label). CYP2D6 genotype changed exposure to its active metabolites in one study (Kim et al., 2018).
• WADA prohibited — Clomifene is prohibited at all times under S4.2 of the 2026 List. After 30 days of use, zuclomiphene was detectable in urine for 121 to more than 261 days (Miller et al., 2019).
• Identity and purity — Pharmacy tablets are FDA-approved products. Steroid users in the forum study obtained their SERMs mainly through the internet (Rochoy et al., 2022); no analysis of such products is among the documents read for this page.

Bloodwork & Monitoring

What the label and the AUA guideline say about testing, and what the studies measured:

• Testosterone — The AUA panel recommends testing no sooner than four weeks after starting clomiphene, anastrozole or hCG, then every 6–12 months once stable, and notes “anecdotal concerns about clomiphene citrate-associated tachyphylaxis” (Mulhall et al., 2018).
• LH — The AUA table lists LH four weeks after starting a SERM in men whose testosterone stays low, and in men on a SERM who stop responding. With low testosterone and low or normal LH, the guideline suggests considering a higher SERM dose; with low testosterone and high LH, it reads the problem as likely testicular (Mulhall et al., 2018).
• Estradiol — Optional in all men on SERMs, in the AUA table. In one clinic, anastrozole was added when estradiol went above 50 pg/mL or the testosterone-to-estradiol ratio fell below 10 (Alder et al., 2018).
• Hematocrit — The AUA table lists a baseline level, to confirm it is below 50% before treatment.
• Triglycerides — The label recommends a triglyceride test before starting, and periodic tests in people with a personal or family history of hyperlipidemia.
• IGF-1 — The authors of the IGF-1 study recommend interval checks of IGF-1 and of symptoms of growth hormone deficiency in men on clomiphene (Mogar et al., 2025).
• Semen — The falls in sperm count above were found in studies that measured semen parameters (Gundewar et al., 2021).
• Eyes — The label: any visual symptom means stopping treatment and a complete eye examination.
• Women (label) — A pelvic examination before each course, and checks for pregnancy, ovarian enlargement and ovarian cysts between courses.
• Which tests fit a given person — A question for a licensed healthcare provider. This page can’t answer it.

Commonly Stacked With

Combinations a study tested or a document shows people use, recorded as documented. None is a recommendation.

→ Peptide Calculator — vial-to-syringe math

Legal Status

Related Compounds

People researching clomiphene often also look at these:

Next Steps

References

1. Clomid (clomiphene citrate tablets, USP) prescribing information. Cosette Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Revised 08/2023. DailyMed set ID 2ca373c1-4dba-4126-8616-5c533d606fe5 (version published February 3, 2025). dailymed.nlm.nih.gov. Read September 29, 2026.
2. FDA. Drugs@FDA data for clomiphene citrate, via openFDA (api.fda.gov/drug/drugsfda.json). Read September 29, 2026: NDA 016131 (Clomid; original approval February 1, 1967; discontinued), NDA 018361 (Serophene; approved March 22, 1982; discontinued), ANDA 075528 (Clomid, Cosette), ANDA 072196 (Milophene), and ANDAs 216545, 216739, 219406, 219781 and 220673 (generic tablets, approved November 2024 to May 2026).
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Related Research

• Enclomiphene CitrateThe trans isomer of clomiphene, 50–70% of the mixture
• ZuclomipheneThe cis isomer, 30–50% of the mixture, and the one that lingers
• HCGInjectable gonadotropin tested with clomiphene in men
• TestosteroneThe therapy clomiphene is compared with
• HMG (menotropins)Gonadotropin used with clomiphene in IVF protocols