Pair page
Thymalin with Thymulin
Mechanism-tag overlap and published literature for Thymalin and Thymulin, pulled verbatim from each Kalios compound profile. Kalios is a literature reference, not a recommendation.
Mechanism overlap
Mechanism tags are verbatim labels on each compound's profile. Generic tags ("peptide", "small-molecule", "research-chemical") are excluded from this overlap view. Tags are descriptive — not an inference about combined effect.
thymic-polypeptide-bioregulator-complex
thymic-hormone-zinc-dependent-nonapeptide
Co-administration notes from the literature
Verbatim summary text pulled from each compound's profile data. Researchers studying Thymalin and Thymulin have published these mechanism-level observations. Not a co-administration recommendation.
Polypeptide-complex thymic extract. Mechanistically overlapping but molecularly distinct. Some practitioners cycle; combined-use evidence is anecdotal.
Quick facts
Thymalin
Thymulin
Literature table
Classified references from each compound profile. Click a column header to sort. Click a PMID to open PubMed. Findings are quoted verbatim from each profile's literature_summary; nothing here is added or interpreted.
| Year | Compound | Source | Finding |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2021 | Thymalin | Khavinson VK, Kuznik BI, Tarnovskaya SI, Linkova NS. Results and Prospects of Using Activator of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Differentiation in Complex Therapy for Patients with COVID-19. Stem Cell Rev Rep. 2021 Feb;17(1):285-290. doi: 10.1007/s12015-020-10087-6. PMID: 33575961. (Re… PMID 33575961 | human study |
| 2020 | Thymalin | Khavinson V, Linkova N, Dyatlova A, Kuznik B, Umnov R. Peptides: Prospects for Use in the Treatment of COVID-19. Molecules. 2020 Sep 24;25(19):4389. doi: 10.3390/molecules25194389. PMID: 32987757. (Computational and mechanistic review of Khavinson short peptides — including the… PMID 32987757 | human study |
| 2020 | Thymalin | Khavinson VK, Kuznik BI, Volchkov VA, Rukavishnikova SA, Titova ON, Akhmedov TA, Trofimova SV, Ryzhak GA, Potyomkin VV, Saginbaev UR. Effect of thymalin on adaptive immunity in complex therapy for patients with COVID-19. Klinicheskaya Meditsina (Russian Journal). 2020;98(8):593-… | human study |
| 2020 | Thymalin | Lukyanov SA, Kuznik BI, Shapovalov KG, Khavinson VK, Smolyakov YN, et al. Thymalin as a Potential Alternative in the Treatment of Severe Acute Respiratory Infection Associated with SARS-CoV-2. Int J Immunol Immunother. 2020;7:055. (Severe-COVID-19 case treated with Thymalin 10 m… | human study |
| 2003 | Thymalin | Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG. Peptides of pineal gland and thymus prolong human life. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2003 Jun-Aug;24(3-4):233-240. PMID: 14523363. (266-patient elderly geroprotective trial; 6–8-year follow-up; mortality reductions of 2.0-fold for Thymalin alone, 2.5-fold fo… PMID 14523363 | human study |
| 1986 | Thymalin | Kuznik BI, Makhakova GCh, Morozov VG, Pisarevskaia LI, Khavinson VKh. [Effect of thymalin on thrombocyte aggregation and the antiaggregation activity of the vascular wall in intact and thymectomized rats]. Biull Eksp Biol Med. 1986 Aug;102(8):200-202. Russian. PMID: 3754821. (Ea… PMID 3754821 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 1982 | Thymalin | Anisimov VN, Khavinson VKh, Morozov VG. Carcinogenesis and aging. IV. Effect of low-molecular-weight factors of thymus, pineal gland and anterior hypothalamus on immunity, tumor incidence and life span of C3H/Sn mice. Mech Ageing Dev. 1982 Jul;19(3):245-258. doi: 10.1016/0047-63… | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2022 | Thymalin | Avolio F, Martinotti S, Khavinson VK, Esposito JE, Giambuzzi G, Marino A, Mironova E, Pulcini R, Robuffo I, Bologna G, Simeone P, Lanuti P, Guarnieri S, Trofimova S, Procopio AD, Toniato E. Peptides Regulating Proliferative Activity and Inflammatory Pathways in the Monocyte/Macr… PMID 35408963 | preclinical, in vitro |
| 2020 | Thymalin | Khavinson VK, Linkova NS, Kvetnoy IM, Polyakova VO, Drobintseva AO, Kvetnaya TV, Ivko OM. Thymalin: Activation of Differentiation of Human Hematopoietic Stem Cells. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2020 Nov;170(1):118-122. doi: 10.1007/s10517-020-05016-z. PMID: 33237528. (In vitro demonstrati… PMID 33237528 | preclinical, in vitro |
| 2016 | Thymalin | Linkova NS, Drobintseva AO, Orlova OA, Kuznetsova EP, Polyakova VO, Kvetnoy IM, Khavinson VK. Peptide Regulation of Skin Fibroblast Functions during Their Aging In Vitro. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2016 May;161(1):175-178. doi: 10.1007/s10517-016-3370-x. PMID: 27259484. (Khavinson short… PMID 27259484 | preclinical, in vitro |
| 2017 | Thymalin | Khavinson V, Popovich I. Short Peptides Regulate Gene Expression, Protein Synthesis and Enhance Life Span. In: Vaiserman AM (ed.). Anti-aging Drugs: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice. RSC Drug Discovery Series No. 57. Royal Society of Chemistry; 2017. Chapter 20, pp. 496–… | mechanism / discovery |
| 2016 | Thymalin | Khavinson VK, Lin'kova NS, Tarnovskaya SI. Short Peptides Regulate Gene Expression. Bull Exp Biol Med. 2016 Nov;162(2):288-292. doi: 10.1007/s10517-016-3596-7. PMID: 27909961. (Khavinson group's short-peptide DNA-binding / gene-expression-regulation hypothesis, the mechanistic f… PMID 27909961 | mechanism / discovery |
| 2013 | Thymulin | Mocchegiani E, Romeo J, Malavolta M, Costarelli L, Giacconi R, Diaz LE, Marcos A. Zinc: dietary intake and impact of supplementation on immune function in elderly. Age (Dordr). 2013;35(3):839-860. PMID: 22223033. PMID 22223033 | human study |
| 1995 | Thymulin | Hadden JW. The treatment of zinc deficiency is an immunotherapy. Int J Immunopharmacol. 1995;17(9):697-701. PMID: 8582785. PMID 8582785 | human study |
| 2007 | Thymulin | Goya RG, Reggiani PC, Vesenbeckh SM, et al. Thymulin gene therapy prevents the reduction in circulating gonadotropins induced by thymulin deficiency in mice. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2007;293(1):E182-E187. PMID: 17374695. PMID 17374695 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2006 | Thymulin | Reggiani PC, Hereñú CB, Rimoldi OJ, et al. Gene therapy for long-term restoration of circulating thymulin in thymectomized mice and rats. Gene Ther. 2006;13(15):1214-1221. PMID: 16645618. PMID 16645618 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 1996 | Thymulin | Safieh-Garabedian B, Poole S, Allchorne A, Kanaan S, Saadé NE, Woolf CJ. Zinc reduces the hyperalgesia and upregulation of NGF and IL-1β produced by peripheral inflammation in the rat. Neuropharmacology. 1996;35(5):599-603. PMID: 8887968. PMID 8887968 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 1993 | Thymulin | Aliev M, et al. Restorative effect of short term administration of thymulin on thymus-dependent antibody production in restraint-stressed mice. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol. 1993;15(4):369-378. PMID: 8407057. PMID 8407057 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 1975 | Thymulin | Bach JF, Dardenne M, Pleau JM, Bach MA. Isolation, biochemical characteristics, and biological activity of a circulating thymic hormone in the mouse and in the human. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1975;249:186-210. PMID: 1093427. PMID 1093427 | preclinical, in vivo |
| 2014 | Thymulin | Reggiani PC, Schwerdt JI, Console GM, Roggero EA, Dardenne M, Goya RG. Physiology and therapeutic potential of the thymic peptide thymulin. Curr Pharm Des. 2014;20(29):4690-4696. PMID: 24588820. PMID 24588820 | research article |
| 1998 | Thymulin | Brown OA, Sosa YE, Bolognani F, Goya RG. Thymulin stimulates prolactin and thyrotropin release in an age-related manner. Mech Ageing Dev. 1998;104(3):249-262. PMID: 9818732. PMID 9818732 | research article |
| 1992 | Thymulin | Hadden JW, Malec PH, Coto J, Hadden EM. Thymic involution in aging. Prospects for correction. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 1992;673:231-239. PMID: 1485719. PMID 1485719 | research article |
| 1988 | Thymulin | Pleau JM, Pasdeloup N, Dardenne M, Bach JF, et al. NMR study of a lymphocyte differentiating thymic factor. An investigation of the Zn(II)-nonapeptide complexes (thymulin). FEBS Lett. 1988;229(2):425-429. PMID: 3356698. PMID 3356698 | research article |
| 1984 | Thymulin | Gastinel LN, Dardenne M, Pleau JM, Bach JF. Studies on the zinc binding site to the serum thymic factor. Biochim Biophys Acta. 1984;797(2):147-155. PMID: 6538097. PMID 6538097 | research article |
Related pair pages
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Frequently asked
Have Thymalin and Thymulin been studied together?
Researchers have published mechanistic-level co-administration discussion of Thymalin and Thymulin. No human co-administration trials are catalogued in the Kalios profiles. The pair page lists each compound's classified literature; full citations sit on each individual profile.
What mechanisms do Thymalin and Thymulin share?
Thymalin and Thymulin do not share a specific mechanism tag on their Kalios profiles. They appear on the same pair page because at least one profile lists the other in its co-administration data.
What is the FDA status of Thymalin and Thymulin?
Thymalin: Not approved (US). Thymulin: Not approved. FDA-status text is pulled verbatim from each compound profile. See /fda-pcac-2026.html for the broader FDA Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee context.
Where can I find the full research on Thymalin and Thymulin?
Full citation lists, dosing tables from the literature, reconstitution data, and the FDA / WADA status are on the individual compound profiles: the Thymalin profile and the Thymulin profile. The Kalios Stack Research Tool hub lists every compound covered.
Last updated: April 2026